Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Nipun Sharma, Sumit Kumar, Ankur Gupta, Surani Bin Dolmanan, Dharmraj Subhash Kotekar Patil, Swee Tiam Tan, Sudhiranjan Tripathy, Mahesh Kumar
Summary: By employing MoS2 functionalization on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs sensors, the researchers have successfully developed a sensitive and selective gas sensor for NO2 detection at room temperature. The sensor exhibited enhanced sensing response and complete recovery without any external stimuli, making it a promising candidate for nitride-based integrated electronics.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chun-Yu Li, Chi-Ching Liu, Wei-Chih Lai, Yung-Chiang Lan, Yun-Chorng Chang
Summary: The study demonstrates the ability to exclude thermal effects and detect non-thermal hot carriers generated by surface plasmons using an AlGaN/GaN transistor. This ultra-sensitive platform shows at least two orders of magnitude more sensitivity compared to previous reports, offering a new way to optimize plasmonic nanoantenna design in various applications.
Article
Physics, Applied
Ding Wang, Ping Wang, Minming He, Jiangnan Liu, Shubham Mondal, Mingtao Hu, Danhao Wang, Yuanpeng Wu, Tao Ma, Zetian Mi
Summary: In this Letter, fully epitaxial ScAlN/AlGaN/GaN based ferroelectric high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were demonstrated using molecular beam epitaxy. The fabricated ferroelectric gate HEMTs showed counterclockwise hysteretic transfer curves with a wide threshold voltage tuning range, a large ON/OFF ratio, and reconfigurable output characteristics. The high quality ferroelectric gate stack and effective ferroelectric polarization coupling lead to improved subthreshold performance. These results provide fundamental insight into the ferroelectric polarization coupling and threshold tuning processes in ferroelectric nitride heterostructures and have promising applications in next-generation electronics.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Mohammad Wahidur Rahman, Nidhin Kurian Kalarickal, Hyunsoo Lee, Towhidur Razzak, Siddharth Rajan
Summary: In this study, AlGaN/GaN HEMTs integrated with high permittivity BaTiO3 dielectric were discussed to enhance the breakdown characteristics. The use of high permittivity BaTiO3 dielectric layers prevented premature gate breakdown and enabled higher breakdown fields, leading to devices with high power figure of merit. This work demonstrates that electrostatic engineering with high-permittivity dielectrics can push AlGaN/GaN HEMTs closer to material breakdown field limits.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Mei Ge, Yi Li, Youhua Zhu, Dunjun Chen, Zhiliang Wang, Shuxin Tan
Summary: The improved e-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMT with a gate stack beta-Ga2O3/p-GaN structure outperforms the conventional p-GaN gate HEMT, mainly due to the use of the beta-Ga2O3 layer which reduces the electric field strength in the gate region and decreases off-state leakage current. Additionally, there is a trade-off between the thickness of the beta-Ga2O3 layer and the performance of the device.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tsung-Han Yang, Jesse Brown, Kai Fu, Jingan Zhou, Kevin Hatch, Chen Yang, Jossue Montes, Xin Qi, Houqiang Fu, Robert J. Nemanich, Yuji Zhao
Summary: In this study, AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs were fabricated on Si substrates with a BN gate dielectric layer, showing excellent performance characteristics and low interface state density. The characterization of the BN/GaN interface was conducted using XPS and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a bandgap of approximately 5eV consistent with sp(2) bonding. Investigation into gate leakage current mechanisms showed Poole-Frenkel emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling as dominant mechanisms at low and high electric fields, respectively, through the BN gate dielectric.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Seokho Moon, Sung-Jae Chang, Youngjae Kim, Odongo Francis Ngome Okello, Jiye Kim, Jaewon Kim, Hyun-Wook Jung, Ho-Kyun Ahn, Dong-Seok Kim, Si-Young Choi, JaeDong Lee, Jong-Won Lim, Jong Kyu Kim
Summary: This study successfully demonstrated the realization of wafer-scale h-BN van der Waals heterostructure on a 2 in. AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) wafer using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, showing promising performance of the fabricated HEMT with h-BN. Advanced microscopic and spectroscopic analyses along with theoretical calculations revealed an atomically sharp heterointerface with very weak van der Waals interaction between the approximately 2.5 nm-thick h-BN and AlGaN layers. These findings pave the way for practical implementation of 2D materials integrated with conventional microelectronic devices, leading towards the realization of future all-2D electronics.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Stefan Schmult, Pascal Appelt, Claudia Silva, Steffen Wirth, Andre Wachowiak, Andreas Grosser, Thomas Mikolajick
Summary: Inconsistencies in the concentrations of unintentional donor impurities and free charge carriers in GaN/AlGaN layer stacks containing a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) can be explained by the measurement procedure and the method of extracting the free charge carrier concentration. When the 2DEG acts as the bottom electrode in capacitance versus voltage measurements, unphysically low concentrations of free charges are calculated due to the depletion of the 2DEG and the disappearance of the bottom electrode. It is shown that, for the case of a defined (non-vanishing) bottom electrode, the levels of donor impurities and resulting free charges consistently match.
JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Si-De Song, Su-Zhen Wu, Guo-Zhu Liu, Wei Zhao, Yin-Quan Wang, Jian-Wei Wu, Qi He
Summary: In this study, the degradation mechanisms of enhancement-mode p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor were extensively analyzed under different stress conditions. The results showed that the device exhibited different electrical characteristics under various stress conditions, indicating excellent performance under reverse gate bias stress. These findings are significant in guiding process optimization towards a high voltage and highly reliable enhanced AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shaoqian Lu, Guohao Yu, Yingfei Sun, Xu Yuan, Zhongkai Du, Bingliang Zhang, Lu Wang, Yu Li, Dongdong Wu, Zengli Huang, Zhongming Zeng, Xulei Qin, Baoshun Zhang
Summary: In this article, a method of nitrogen plasma treatment is proposed to achieve normally off p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors, and the related mechanism is proposed. The nitrogen plasma treatment depletes holes in the p-GaN layer and changes the surface characteristics, resulting in the formation of a 2D electron gas at the AlGaN/GaN interface. The device shows enhanced performance with improved threshold voltage, on/off ratio, and maximum drain current.
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Anwar Siddique, Raju Ahmed, Jonathan Anderson, Mark Holtz, Edwin L. Piner
Summary: The study demonstrates the in situ metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth of SiNx passivation layers on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, showing that higher SiNx growth rates can lead to faster lateral coverage and coalescence of initial SiNx islands, thereby suppressing SiH4-induced III-nitride etching. The SiNx stoichiometry can be optimized to reduce strain relaxation in the barrier layer and achieve near-ideal AlGaN/AlN/GaN interfaces, ultimately improving electron mobility and electrical properties of the HEMTs under optimized conditions.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Markus Wohlfahrt, Michael J. Uren, Felix Kaess, Oleg Laboutin, Hassan Hirshy, Martin Kuball
Summary: AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) exhibit a UV-induced persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect, which is related to changes in electronic band bending in the buffer layer. This effect is significant only in p-type buffers and allows for quantification of deep-level doping density, with recovery times extending to several days.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Meng Zhang, Yilin Chen, Siyin Guo, Hao Lu, Qing Zhu, Minhan Mi, Mei Wu, Bin Hou, Ling Yang, Xiaohua Ma, Yue Hao
Summary: AlGaN/GaN nanochannel high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with tri-gate (TGN-devices) and dual-gate (DGN-devices) structures were studied. The top gate control in TGN-devices resulted in larger transconductance peak, current gain cut-off frequency, and power gain cut-off frequency compared to the DGN-devices. Decreasing the nanochannel width increased the transconductance peak and derivatives, indicating the significant influence of sidewall gate capacitance on the transconductance and linearity. The gate capacitance of the tri-gate structure was not a linear combination of the top planar gate capacitance and sidewall gate capacitance of the dual-gate structure due to the difference in depletion region shape.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yi-Yu Zhang, Shu An, Yixiong Zheng, Junyu Lai, Jung-Hun Seo, Kwang Hong Lee, Munho Kim
Summary: This study demonstrates a novel method for transferring flexible AlGaN/GaN HEMTs from insulating substrates to flexible ones, achieving good electrical performance and piezoelectric behavior. Mechanical bending can further enhance the performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. The results show great potential for this device in next-generation flexible electronics applications.
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Pengfei Wan, Weiqi Li, Xiaodong Xu, Yadong Wei, Hao Jiang, Jianqun Yang, Guojian Shao, Gang Lin, Chao Peng, Zhangang Zhang, Xingji Li
Summary: Electron traps in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors were studied using theoretical and experimental methods. Energy levels at E-C-0.9 eV due to irradiation were identified using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Two electron traps, H1 (E-C-0.63 eV) and H-2 (E-C-0.9 eV), were observed in the DLTS spectra. H1 was generated during device or material manufacturing, while H2 was caused by displacement damage. Furthermore, it was found that the H2 signal peak can be attributed to three defects, H2-1, H2-2, and H2-3, with energies E-C-0.77 eV, E-C-0.9 eV, and E-C-0.98 eV, respectively. Different configurations of di-nitrogen vacancy structures were identified as the source of the E-C-0.77 eV and E-C-0.9 eV signals based on defect migration temperature and first principles calculations. The E-C-0.98 eV defect was more stable at high temperatures, possibly related to gallium vacancy.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Marko J. Tadjer, Fikadu Alema, Andrei Osinsky, Michael A. Mastro, Neeraj Nepal, Jeffrey M. Woodward, Rachael L. Myers-Ward, Evan R. Glaser, Jaime A. Freitas, Alan G. Jacobs, James C. Gallagher, Alyssa L. Mock, Daniel J. Pennachio, Jenifer Hajzus, Mona Ebrish, Travis J. Anderson, Karl D. Hobart, Jennifer K. Hite, Charles R. Eddy Jr.
Summary: Gallium oxide as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor shows significant potential in advancing power electronic devices due to its high breakdown electric field and mature substrate technology. However, a key challenge remains in growing electronic-grade epitaxial layers at rates consistent with the thickness needed for high voltage technologies. This study reports on the characterization of epitaxial layers grown at relatively high rates, showing improved quality and potential for future high voltage power device technologies.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Minh Anh Phan Nguyen, Jennifer Hite, Michael A. Mastro, Mehran Kianinia, Milos Toth, Igor Aharonovich
Summary: This study investigates the nature of quantum emitters in GaN grown on samples with different growth orientations, revealing consistent formation of quantum emitters in Ga-polar regions. Findings shed light on the origins of these quantum emitters and demonstrate site-selective formation in GaN. Through various tests, the overall defectivity of Ga-polar GaN synthesized using a specific growth procedure is attributed to the formation of quantum emitters.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Michael A. Mastro, Charles R. Eddy, Marko J. Tadjer, Jennifer K. Hite, Jihyun Kim, Stephen J. Pearton
Summary: Recent advancements in bulk crystal growth of beta-Ga2O3 have led to commercialization of large-area substrates and high-quality films on (010) substrates, revealing subnanometer-scale facets and larger ridges on the surface. Recommendations for standardizing substrates to control ridge formation have been proposed based on density function theory calculations.
JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
A. El-Helou, Y. Cui, M. J. Tadjer, T. J. Anderson, D. Francis, T. Feygelson, B. Pate, K. D. Hobart, P. E. Raad
Summary: The study presents full thermal characterization of GaN power devices with different substrates to manage performance-limiting self-heating by utilizing an innovative reverse modeling approach. It compares the thermal properties of HEMTs on Si, SiC, and Diamond substrates and provides conclusions to guide further developments in GaN HEMT thermal management strategies.
SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
James C. Gallagher, Travis J. Anderson, Andrew D. Koehler, Mona A. Ebrish, Geoffrey M. Foster, Michael A. Mastro, Jennifer K. Hite, Brendan P. Gunning, Robert J. Kaplar, Karl D. Hobart, Francis J. Kub
Summary: This work focuses on fabricating vertical p-i-n GaN diodes using Raman spectroscopy to monitor carrier concentration, discovering that the uniformity of the wafers affects device performance. Avoiding electron-donating defects in the wafers significantly improves rectification ratio and reduces reverse bias leakage current.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anand B. Puthirath, Eliezer F. Oliveira, Guanhui Gao, Nithya Chakingal, Harikishan Kannan, Chenxi Li, Xiang Zhang, Abhijit Biswas, Mahesh R. Neupane, Bradford B. Pate, Dmitry A. Ruzmetov, A. Glen Birdwell, Tony G. Ivanov, Douglas S. Galvao, Robert Vajtai, Pulickel M. Ajayan
Summary: The study found that Hummer's method is very effective in oxidizing pristine diamond surfaces, especially in the presence of strong oxidizing agents. Microcrystalline diamond powder is more prone to oxidation to polycrystalline diamond wafers.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
William A. Maza, Vanessa M. Breslin, Jeffrey C. Owrutsky, Bradford B. Pate, Albert Epshteyn
Summary: This study investigates the rate constants and activation energies associated with the reduction of linear perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates by hydrated electrons. The results show that the reduction process is diffusion-controlled with no significant differences in activation energies between the two surfactants, despite slightly different rate constants observed.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
William A. Maza, Brian D. Etz, Timothy C. Schutt, Brian L. Chaloux, Vanessa M. Breslin, Bradford B. Pate, Manoj K. Shukla, Jeffrey C. Owrutsky, Albert Epshteyn
Summary: Disagreements persist regarding the rate constants for the initial reduction of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) by the hydrated electron, eaq-. In this study, a nonlinear dependence of the eaq- decay rate on the PFOA concentration is demonstrated, which is attributed to the aggregation of PFOA below the critical micellar concentration. A kinetic model is proposed to explain the reaction between PFOA and eaq- at low concentrations, and the model adequately fits the experimental data. The results suggest that the aggregation of PFOA decreases the probability of its reduction by eaq-.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
David F. Storm, Sergey Maximenko, Andrew C. Lang, Neeraj Nepal, Tatyana Feygelson, Bradford B. Pate, Chaffra A. Affouda, David J. Meyer
Summary: Trace amounts of Mg deposited on a diamond (100) substrate surface assist in the growth of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) through ion beam-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Films grown with Mg exhibit primarily cubic structures, with a high density of stacking faults and twinning observed in high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy.
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Jeffrey M. Woodward, Samantha G. Rosenberg, David R. Boris, Michael J. Johnson, Scott G. Walton, Scooter D. Johnson, Zachary R. Robinson, Neeraj Nepal, Karl F. Ludwig Jr, Jennifer K. Hite, Charles R. Eddy Jr
Summary: Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) enables the epitaxial growth of ultrathin indium nitride (InN) films with reduced process temperatures and better control of layer thickness. The relationship between plasma properties and growth kinetics is crucial for optimizing growth parameters. In this study, in situ investigation using grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) reveals that the production of nitrogen species in the plasma influences the growth mode, with high concentrations promoting island growth and low concentrations promoting layer-plus-island growth. The results demonstrate the potential to control the growth kinetics of epitaxial films during PEALD by manipulating specific plasma species generation regimes.
JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Alan G. Jacobs, Joseph A. Spencer, Jennifer K. Hite, Karl D. Hobart, Travis J. Anderson, Boris N. Feigelson
Summary: Codoping of gallium nitride with magnesium and silicon or oxygen via ion implantation and symmetric multicycle rapid thermal annealing is demonstrated. The results show enhanced photoluminescence, especially with oxygen codoping. The addition of nitrogen helps to balance stoichiometry and suppress defect photoluminescence signals. These findings have important implications for device design and the future use of ion implantation.
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Crystallography
Jennifer K. Hite
Summary: This paper reviews the basic issues in homoepitaxial growth of III-nitrides for vertical device technology. It focuses on using MOCVD to grow GaN and explores the effects of native substrate characteristics on material quality and device performance. The review also includes theoretical understanding of dopants in AlN and BN for future expansion into these materials.
Article
Crystallography
Alan G. G. Jacobs, Boris N. N. Feigelson, Joseph A. A. Spencer, Marko J. J. Tadjer, Jennifer K. K. Hite, Karl D. D. Hobart, Travis J. J. Anderson
Summary: Selective area doping is crucial for modern devices. In this study, efficient silicon ion activation in GaN was achieved through symmetrical multicycle rapid thermal annealing. The activation efficiency and mobility improved with increasing annealing temperature. The results demonstrate efficient dopant activation with low unintentional doping, making it suitable for high-voltage, high-power devices. Additionally, high activation and mobility have been achieved with GaN on sapphire, which offers commercial potential due to its large-area and robust substrates.
Article
Microscopy
Andrew J. Winchester, Travis J. Anderson, Jennifer K. Hite, Randolph E. Elmquist, Sujitra Pookpanratana
Summary: Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is a powerful tool for studying electronic properties. Traditionally, it was mainly used with synchrotron light sources, but recent advancements in solid-state lasers have allowed for the development of laboratory-based PEEMs using laser-based UV light. This study reports on the characteristics of a laser-based UV light source integrated with a PEEM instrument and highlights the improved image quality compared to conventional light sources.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Clarence Y. Chan, Shunya Namiki, Jennifer K. Hite, Xiuling Li
Summary: In this study, photo-enhanced metal-assisted chemical etching was demonstrated on homoepitaxial n-UaN on HVPE GaN substrates. The etch rate achieved was comparable to or better than using RIE, with no degradation in band-edge emission observed.
2021 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO)
(2021)