Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 211, Issue 2, Pages 688-696Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/nph.13926
Keywords
angiosperm; herbaceous; phylogeny; temperate zone; transition rate
Categories
Funding
- US National Science Foundation [DEB-0842280]
- Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program [DEB-1415150]
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent, NSF) [EF-0905606]
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Gynodioecy, a sexual system where females and hermaphrodites co-occur, is found in << 1% of angiosperm species. To understand why gynodioecy is rare, we need to understand why females are maintained in some lineages, but not in others. We modelled the evolution of gynodioecy in the Lamiaceae, and investigated whether transition rates between gynodioecious and nongynodioecious states varied across the family. We also investigated whether the evolution of gynodioecy was correlated with the evolution of a herbaceous growth form and temperate distribution. Transition rates differed between Lamiaceae subfamilies. In the Nepetoideae, there were many transitions towards gynodioecy (n = 11), but also many reversions to nongynodioecy (n = 29). In addition, a herbaceous growth form, but not a temperate distribution, affected the rate of transitions both towards and away from gynodioecy; transitions towards gynodioecy occurred similar to 16 times more frequently and transitions away from gynodioecy occurred similar to 11 times more frequently in herbaceous lineages than in woody lineages. Within the Lamiaceae, lineages in which gynodioecy has frequently evolved also have a high rate of reversions to the nongynodioecious state. Consequently, to understand why gynodioecy is rare, we need to understand why sexual systems are more evolutionarily labile in some lineages than in others.
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