The incongruity of misfit: A systematic literature review and research agenda

For decades, research on person-environment (P-E) fit has been a prevalent topic, emphasizing alignment between employees and the work environment and the accompanying positive consequences that flow from good fit. However, given the frequency of change and volatility experienced in organizations, it is far more likely that individuals, work groups, and organizations will sporadically experience misfit with various aspects of the environment. This recognition has led to steady growth in misfit research, but this literature lacks conceptual clarity, provides differing views on the interplay between fit and misfit, and as a result, insights on the consequences of misfit are fragmented. To address these shortcomings, we conducted a systematic review of the misfit literature and analyzed 106 scholarly articles published between 1981 and 2021. Our review offers three key contributions. First, we identify four distinct conceptualizations of misfit from the literature and then offer an integrative definition of misfit. Second, we provide a multi-level synthesis of the antecedents and outcomes of misfit that highlights the need for more cross-level and multi-level research. Third, we lay out a rich and detailed agenda of future research to further enhance our knowledge of misfit as a concept distinct from its P-E fit roots.

Automated summary

Research on person-environment (P-E) fit emphasizes the positive consequences of alignment between employees and the work environment. However, due to frequent change and volatility, misfit between individuals, work groups, and organizations with various aspects of the environment is more likely to occur. This study conducts a systematic review of the misfit literature, providing clarity on conceptualizations, highlighting the antecedents and outcomes of misfit, and suggesting future research directions.