Review
Oncology
Lianchang Liu, Zhenzhen Liang, Shumei Ma, Lan Li, Xiaodong Liu
Summary: A series of physiological and pathological changes occur after radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), causing serious damage to human tissues. Radioprotective countermeasures can prevent and reduce IR injury. This review provides an overview of known radioprotective agents, categorized by biochemical categories and potential clinical use, and reviews their current status and research progress. The aim is to facilitate the selection and application of suitable radioprotectors for clinicians and researchers to prevent or reduce IR injury.
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS
(2023)
Review
Biochemical Research Methods
Mehdi Hassanpour, Fateme Hajihassani, Mina Abdollahpourasl, Omid Cheraghi, Nasser Aghamohamadzade, Reza Rahbargazi, Mohammad Nouri, Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, Nosratollah Zarghami, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Yunes Panahi, Amirhossein Sahebkar
Summary: Sulfur-(SM) and nitrogen (NM)-based mustards are mutagenic incapacitating compounds widely used in chemical warfare, causing toxicity in various organs, especially the skin. Herbal medicines with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties have shown promising therapeutic effects against SM-induced cutaneous complications.
COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY & HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Carol J. Iddins, Andrea L. DiCarlo, Mark D. Ervin, Eduardo Herrera-Reyes, Ronald E. Goans
Summary: This article discusses radiation-induced injuries to the skin and tissues, providing an overview of the history, types, pathophysiology, evaluation and diagnosis, medical management, and current research. The importance of radiation injuries and the progress and gaps in related research are highlighted.
JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Biology
Carmen Rios, Brynn A. Hollingsworth, Andrea L. DiCarlo, John E. Esker, Merriline M. Satyamitra, Toby A. Silverman, Thomas A. Winters, Lanyn P. Taliaferro
Summary: Animal models are crucial for studying the biological effects of radiation exposure in humans and addressing mechanistic and safety questions. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services supports the development of medical countermeasures and biodosimetry platforms, which may eventually be licensed by the FDA. These efforts involve collaboration between NIAID, BARDA, and researchers.
RADIATION RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Toxicology
Allison Fuchs, Elizabeth A. Giuliano, Nishant R. Sinha, Rajiv R. Mohan
Summary: Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent that poses a threat to individuals exposed to it, causing symptoms in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Ocular tissues are particularly vulnerable to damage by SM, with acute, chronic, and delayed complications that are not fully understood. Various medical and surgical therapies have been studied for the ophthalmic manifestations of SM injury.
TOXICOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Ophthalmology
Houmam Araj, Hung Tseng, David T. Yeung
Summary: Vesicants can cause serious damage to the eyes and skin, potentially leading to long-term pathology. There are no FDA-approved drugs to counteract these injuries, which raises concerns about the possibility of mass casualty emergencies.
EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiuqun Yuan, Huiqin Xi, Ye Le, Honglian Xu, Jing Wang, Xiaohong Meng, Yan Yang
Summary: The study found that skin damage was common among frontline medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, with symptoms like redness, marks, burning pain, dryness, dermatitis, and itch/irritation. Gender, level of protection, and daily wearing time of PPE were identified as risk factors. About 54.55% of participants took preventive strategies, but many lacked knowledge about dressings.
Article
Toxicology
Ariel Gore, Tamar Kadar, Shlomit Dachir, Vered Horwitz
Summary: The use of sulfur mustard (SM) in global terrorism poses a continuing threat to both civilians and military personnel. Treatment for SM-induced ocular injury is primarily based on clinical manifestation and includes pharmaceutical and surgical interventions. Future studies may reveal additional pharmacological and biological treatments for this complex ocular injury.
TOXICOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zengming Zhao, Xiabei Yan, Lizhong Li, Yulei Shu, Jun He, Lili Wang, Qingzhen Huang, Jianwei Xie, Jun Zhao, Shuangqing Peng
Summary: Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent, can cause DNA damage and is toxic to cells. Our study found that dividing cells are more sensitive to SM and that stem cells, in particular, are more prone to DNA damage. The DNA repair pathways involved in stem cells and somatic cells were also different.
DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Toxicology
Mark R. Perry, Matthew Neal, Roger Hawks, David Pressburger, Jan Satola, Cheryl Triplett, Beth Reed, Meredith Andrews, Jill A. Harvilchuck, Michael S. Nealy, Gennady E. Platoff, David T. Yeung
Summary: The study developed a novel inhalation exposure system to deliver controlled doses of HD to anesthetized rats through an endotracheal tube for investigating lung pathophysiology and evaluating potential medical countermeasures. The system successfully achieved targeted HD concentrations and inhaled doses, providing a useful small animal model for studying the toxic effects of inhaled HD on the lungs and assessing potential treatments.
INHALATION TOXICOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Christopher M. Timperley, Jonathan E. Forman, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abdullah Saeed Al-Amri, Augustin Baulig, Djafer Benachour, Veronica Borrett, Flerida A. Carino, Christophe Curty, Michael Geist, David Gonzalez, William Kane, Zrinka Kovarik, Roberto Martinez-Alvarez, Nicia Maria Fusaro Mourao, Slawomir Neffe, Syed K. Raza, Valentin Rubaylo, Alejandra Graciela Suarez, Koji Takeuchi, Cheng Tang, Ferruccio Trifiro, Francois Mauritz van Straten, Paula S. Vanninen, Slavica Vucinic, Volodymyr Zaitsev, Muhammad Zafar-Uz-Zaman, Mongia Said Zina, Stian Holen, Wesam S. Alwan, Vivek Suri, Peter J. Hotchkiss, Mostafa Ghanei
Summary: The article summarizes the damage caused by blister agents to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, as well as the toxicological properties of sulfur mustard and its treatments. This information should be helpful for medical personnel and emergency responders who may encounter sulfur mustard exposure.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
Summary: Multiple medicinal plants and natural compounds show therapeutic potential in improving lung injury induced by SM, including alleviating lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses. Clinical studies also demonstrate the effect of medicinal plants and natural compounds on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests, and inflammatory markers.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eva Ramos, Emilio Gil-Martin, Cristobal de los Rios, Javier Egea, Francisco Lopez-Munoz, Rene Pita, Antonio Juberias, Juan J. J. Torrado, Dolores R. R. Serrano, Russel J. J. Reiter, Alejandro Romero
Summary: In this review, melatonin is proposed as a therapeutic option to counteract the toxicological mechanisms and pathways activated after exposure to sulfur and nitrogen mustards. Additionally, the metabolites of melatonin are predicted to have a scavenger action and neutralize the damage induced by these blister agents. The anti-inflammatory action and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation of melatonin can also provide protection against sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced injury.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
Summary: This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of new pharmaceutical drugs on lung injury induced by sulfur mustard exposure. Recent studies have shown that certain drugs have potential in reducing lung inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and modulating the immune system, as well as improving respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Biology
Juliann G. G. Kiang, William F. F. Blakely
Summary: Preparedness for medical responses to major radiation accidents and nuclear warfare is crucial, along with the development of drugs to treat combined radiation injury (CI). The molecular mechanisms underlying CI in relation to organ injury and mortality were analyzed. However, there is currently no FDA-approved drug for CI. Additionally, the need for effective triage methods incorporating biodosimetry and CI was highlighted.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Merriline M. Satyamitra, David R. Cassatt, Brynn A. Hollingsworth, Paul W. Price, Carmen Rios, Lanyn P. Taliaferro, Thomas A. Winters, Andrea L. DiCarlo
Article
Environmental Sciences
Andrea L. DiCarlo, Mary J. Homer, C. Norman Coleman
Summary: With the end of the Cold War in 1991, USG investments in radiation science and medical preparedness were phased out, but the events of 9/11 led to the re-establishment of funding for radiation preparedness. Efforts have been made to establish clear lines of communication, hold subject matter meetings and tabletop exercises, assess available resources, and identify/mobilize resources. Scientifically, research gaps have been identified, including the need for accurate biomarkers, biodosimetry devices, decorporation agents, and candidate products for injuries caused by radiation exposure.
JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Carol J. Iddins, Andrea L. DiCarlo, Mark D. Ervin, Eduardo Herrera-Reyes, Ronald E. Goans
Summary: This article discusses radiation-induced injuries to the skin and tissues, providing an overview of the history, types, pathophysiology, evaluation and diagnosis, medical management, and current research. The importance of radiation injuries and the progress and gaps in related research are highlighted.
JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Andrea L. DiCarlo, Lisa S. Carnell, Carmen I. Rios, Pataje G. Prasanna
Summary: In the past 20+ years, the U.S. Government has made significant progress in funding research and establishing subject matter expert teams for radiation-induced biological effects in normal tissues. The National Cancer Institute has played a crucial role in identifying cellular pathways involved in radiation injuries, which has led to advancements in targeted tumor treatment. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are also actively involved in developing strategies to protect civilian populations and astronauts from radiation exposure.
LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Biology
Andrea L. DiCarlo, David R. Cassatt, Carmen I. Rios, Merriline M. Satyamitra, Yuji Zhang, Trevor G. Golden, Lanyn P. Taliaferro
Summary: The purpose of this mini review is to pay tribute to Dr. John E. Moulder's successful career in radiation science at the Medical College of Wisconsin. It examines his history of research on the biological pathways involved in radiation-induced tissue injuries, particularly to the kidneys and heart, as well as pharmacological interventions. It also highlights his mentorship of junior scientists and collaborations with other researchers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Lanyn P. Taliaferro, Rajeev K. Agarwal, C. Norman Coleman, Andrea L. DiCarlo, Kimberly A. Hofmeyer, Shannon G. Loelius, Olivia Molinar-Inglis, Dana C. Tedesco, Merriline M. Satyamitra
Summary: This article describes a workshop on the role of sex as a confounder in radiation research and its implications in radiological and nuclear applications. The workshop aimed to address the scientific implications and knowledge gaps in understanding sex in basic and translational research. The discussions covered topics such as sex differences in radiation animal models, biodosimetry and biomarkers, medical research lacking representation from both sexes, and regulatory policies influencing inclusion of women in research. The report highlights the need to consider both sexes in research to ensure robust and accurate outcomes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY
(2023)