Effect of heat exposure and exercise on food intake regulation: A randomized crossover study in young healthy men

Objective. The effect of physical activity on food intake regulation may be moderated by environmental temperature. The aim of the study was to determine the single and combined effects of metabolic activity and temperature on energy intake and its hormonal regulation. Methods. A randomized crossover study was conducted in the laboratory. Ten healthy and physically active young Afro-Caribbean men participated in four experimental sessions (rest at 22 degrees C and 31 degrees C and cycling at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake at 22 degrees C and 31 degrees C, all for 40 min). Each test period was followed by a 30-min recovery period and then an ad libitum meal. The main outcome measures were energy balance, subjective appetite, and plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin concentrations. Results. Relative energy intake was significantly decreased whereas plasma PP was increased in the exercise conditions (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively). Postprandial levels of CCK were elevated only in the rest conditions. Exposure to heat induced a decrease in plasma ghrelin (p = 0.031). Conclusions. Exercise induced a short-term energy deficit. However, modifications in the hormonal regulation of food intake in response to short-term heat or heat and exercise exposure seem to be minor and did not induce changes in energy intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02157233. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.