Two new species of Achnanthidium Kutzing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colonia basin, Southeast Brazil

This research uses the techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy to observe two species of Achnanthidium Kutzing belonging to the A. minutissimum 'sensu lato' complex, collected from the Pleistocene sediments of the Colonia basin, Southeast Brazil. We compared Achnanthidium ectorianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. and A. craterianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. to their morphologically closest species, revealing different valve outlines, valve apices shapes, central areas, and raphe structures. Our results help to enlarge the taxonomic knowledge on the genus in South America, which is fundamental for a better understanding of the diatom distribution and diversity patterns in poorly studied areas. Our research also improves the current knowledge on the evolution of the paleolake in the Colonia basin (Sao Paulo) since the early Pleistocene.

Automated summary

This research used microscopy techniques to observe two species of Achnanthidium found in Pleistocene sediments from the Colonia basin in Southeast Brazil. The results compared these new species to previously known ones, revealing differences in valve outlines, valve apices shapes, central areas, and raphe structures. The study contributes to the taxonomic knowledge of the genus in South America and improves understanding of diatom distribution and diversity patterns in poorly studied areas. It also provides insights into the evolution of the paleolake in the Colonia basin since the early Pleistocene.