Characteristics and potential clinical applications of the extracellular vesicles of human pathogenic Fungi

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of lipid membrane-enclosed compartments that contain different biomolecules and are released by almost all living cells, including fungal genera. Fungal EVs contain multiple bioactive components that perform various biological functions, such as stimulation of the host immune system, transport of virulence factors, induction of biofilm formation, and mediation of host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs of human pathogenic fungi, mainly focusing on their biogenesis, composition, and biological effects. We also discuss the potential markers and therapeutic applications of fungal EVs.

Automated summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed compartments released by almost all living cells, including fungal genera. Fungal EVs contain bioactive components that perform various biological functions, including stimulation of the host immune system, transport of virulence factors, induction of biofilm formation, and mediation of host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on EVs of human pathogenic fungi, focusing on their biogenesis, composition, biological effects, and potential markers and therapeutic applications.