Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xing Song, Baiyu Zhang, Yiqi Cao, Bo Liu, Bing Chen
Summary: This study investigated the role of shrimp-waste-based dispersant (SWD) in the biodegradation of dispersed oil. Through metagenomic sequencing and molecular docking analysis, it was found that SWD has enzymatic activities to degrade dispersed oil, and it has low toxicity and high bioactivity. These findings confirm that purified SWD is an effective and sustainable marine oil spill treating agent.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Parisarin Nawavimarn, Witchaya Rongsayamanont, Tipsuda Subsanguan, Ekawan Luepromchai
Summary: This study developed bio-based dispersants by mixing anionic biosurfactant with nonionic oleochemical surfactant for enhanced petroleum mobilization. The formulated dispersants showed high dispersion efficiency for bunker fuels A and C. The application of bio-based dispersants in water sources was optimized by Box-Behnken design, indicating a potential for improved oil spill remediation.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Zhiwen Zhu, Francois Merlin, Min Yang, Kenneth Lee, Bing Chen, Bo Liu, Yiqi Cao, Xing Song, Xudong Ye, Qingqi K. Li, Charles W. Greer, Michel C. Boufadel, Lisa Isaacman, Baiyu Zhang
Summary: This review summarizes recent research findings on the application of dispersants at the surface and in the deep sea, the fate and transportation of naturally and chemically dispersed oil, and the use of dispersants in the Arctic and ice-covered waters. Future perspectives are provided to identify research gaps and assist in the development of science-based guidelines and protocols for dispersant application.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Gina M. Coelho, Ann G. Slaughter, Ruixue Liu, Michel C. Boufadel, Victoria Broje
Summary: The research aims to develop a new field kit, the Dispersibility Assessment Kit (DAK), to help spill response personnel assess the dispersibility of oil slicks under actual environmental conditions, aiming to improve the accuracy and efficiency of spill response decision-making.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Emmanuel Sunday Okeke, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba, Guanghua Mao, Yao Chen, Hai Xu, Chang Song, Weiwei Feng, Xiangyang Wu
Summary: This article discusses the characteristics, origin, ecotoxicology, health impact, and responses to marine oil spills. Various biological techniques for remediation and dispersant treatment are described, with a focus on the use of green surfactants and their advancements. The article also explores the obstacles and measures that need to be taken, as well as the potential for the development of existing treatment technologies.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Masooma Nazar, Mansoor Ul Hassan Shah, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Masahiro Goto, Muhammad Moniruzzaman
Summary: The study investigated the properties of an oil spill dispersant composed of Tween 80 and surface-active ionic liquid, as well as its dispersing effectiveness in simulated seawater. A synergistic interaction was observed between the two components, leading to improved dispersal efficiency at specific ratios.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Adewale Giwa, Bushra Chalermthai, Bismah Shaikh, Hanifa Taher
Summary: Green dispersants are made from renewable materials, non-volatile compounds, or naturally available solvents. This review discusses the effectiveness of different types of green dispersants, including protein isolates and hydrolysates, biosurfactants, vegetable-based oils, and green solvents. The challenges and opportunities associated with these dispersants are also explained. The effectiveness of these dispersants varies depending on oil type, dispersant hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and seawater conditions. However, their relatively low toxicity and desirable physico-chemical properties make them potentially eco-friendly and effective dispersants for future oil spill response.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Deborah P. French-McCay, Hilary Robinson, Michael Bock, Deborah Crowley, Paul Schuler, Jill J. Rowe
Summary: This study examines the effectiveness of subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and evaluates the potential alternatives if dispersants were not used or used more aggressively. The results show that the actual use of SSDI reduced risk to varying degrees, but more effective use of dispersants could have significantly reduced exposures and relative risks across the ecosystem.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Deepak Nanjappa, Yue Liang, Laura Bretherton, Chris Brown, Antonietta Quigg, Andrew J. Irwin, Zoe Finkel
Summary: The study found that oil exposure stimulated the upregulation of ketogenesis in the eukaryotic community, while chemically dispersed oil treatment induced eukaryotic genes and pathways related to nitrogen and oxygen depletion. The results suggest that the addition of dispersant may elevate bacterial biodegradation of crude oil, indirectly increasing nitrogen competition between prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Hristina Denic-Roberts, Dana L. Thomas, Jacob Collen, John Barrett, Kate Christenbury, Lawrence S. Engel
Summary: The study found that participation in oil spill clean-up actions was associated with moderately increased risk for longer term respiratory conditions among active duty Coast Guard personnel.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Peng Soon Wang, Aqeel Ahmad, Masooma Nazar, Anisa Ur Rahmah, Muhammad Moniruzzaman
Summary: In this study, two biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants, SOPIL and SOPOS, were synthesized from orange peel. The comparative performance of these surfactants was evaluated through various experiments, and the results showed that SOPIL had a lower critical micelle concentration, better dispersant effectiveness, and higher biodegradation rate. Therefore, these biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants derived from orange peel present a promising and sustainable alternative for oil spill remediation.
Article
Microbiology
Ossi Tonteri, Anna Reunamo, Aura Nousiainen, Laura Koskinen, Jari Nuutinen, Jaak Truu, Kirsten S. Jorgensen
Summary: This study investigates the effectiveness of dispersant use in the Baltic Sea, focusing on oil degradation rates and bacterial community structures. Results show that coastal seawater from the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland have the highest oil degradation gene abundances and removal rates, while seawater from the Norwegian Sea have the lowest. Dispersant usage has apparent effects on bacterial communities, but its impact on biodegradation rate remains unclear due to uncertainties in chemical analysis and oil concentration variations.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rodrigo Cochrane Esteves, Helen Conceicao Ferraz
Summary: This article expands the current knowledge of interfacial phenomena related to chemical dispersants application in oil spills, focusing on a representative Brazilian crude oil. By evaluating the dispersion effectiveness of different oil samples under various conditions, including water salinity and dispersant concentration, the study sheds light on the interfacial behavior of this specific oil-water system.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xinping Yu, Zhixin Qi, Deqi Xiong, Yaya An, Huan Gao, Miao Yang, Ziyue Liu
Summary: The fate of spilled oil in the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the sea was investigated through laboratory experiments simulating actual sea conditions. The study found that increasing mixing energy promoted oil dispersion, while the application of chemical dispersant led to an increase in the quantity and size of sunken MPs-oil-dispersant agglomerates (MODA). The presence of MPs inhibited oil dispersion by increasing the oil-water interfacial tension.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2023)
Review
Environmental Sciences
T. D. Minh, M. C. Ncibi, V Srivastava, B. Doshi, M. Sillanpaa
Summary: This review focuses on the application of nanomotors and micromotors in oil spill cleanup and recovery, detailing their fundamental concepts and latest advancements. The study examines the behaviors of these nano and micro machines in different water matrices and their roles in oil removal, identifying areas for improvement. Additionally, strategies for surface and structural modification of these tiny machines to enhance their reactivity are discussed, highlighting the importance of customized design.
Article
Fisheries
Mert Gokalp, Tim Wijgerde, Albertinka Murk, Ronald Osinga
Summary: Through three consecutive culture trials, a successful method for culturing collagen-rich demosponges was developed. The optimal culture combination was determined based on the results of the trials, leading to consistent growth rates and high survival rates over the course of one year.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Niels W. P. Breve, Leopold A. J. Nagelkerke, Anthonie D. Buijse, Theodorus J. van Tuijn, AlberTinka J. Murk, Hendrik Winter, H. J. Rob Lenders
Summary: This study reconstructs the historical distribution of sturgeons in northwest Europe and highlights the impact of river fisheries, river regulation, and increased North Sea fishery on the collapse of sturgeon populations.
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yu Lei, Livio Carlucci, Huub Rijnaarts, Alette Langenhoff
Summary: This study selects Typha angustifolia and Juncus effuses as suitable plant species for phytoremediation of micropollutants (MPs). These two plant species were chosen due to their good ability to remove MPs, tolerate low temperatures, and resist the toxicity of MPs. The results of this study can also be applied to constructed wetlands for the removal of MPs from wastewater. Additionally, this study provides a detailed understanding of the uptake and degradation processes of the persistent MP propranolol in plants, which is significant for both the application of phytoremediation in MP removal and the development of constructed wetland studies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
(2023)
Correction
Biodiversity Conservation
Niels W. P. Breve, Leopold A. J. Nagelkerke, Anthonie D. Buijse, Theodorus J. van Tuijn, AlberTinka J. Murk, Hendrik V. Winter, H. J. Rob Lenders
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Antoine Karengera, Ilse Verburg, Mark G. Sterken, Joost A. G. Riksen, Albertinka J. Murk, Inez J. T. Dinkla
Summary: In this study, the nematode C. elegans was used as a model organism to detect the toxic potency of influent wastewater samples. Gene expression profiling revealed the presence and potency of molecular pathways induced by wastewater exposure. The study found that wastewater treatment significantly reduced the bioactive pollutant-load, and the gene expression profiling can be used for fingerprinting specific wastewater sources and identifying bioactive compounds.
ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Antoine Karengera, Cong Bao, Toine F. H. Bovee, Inez J. T. Dinkla, Albertinka J. J. Murk
Summary: This study developed a bead-based assay for quantifying messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of multiple target genes directly from crude nematode lysates to fingerprint gene expression in C. elegans. The assay measured toxin-induced RNA transcripts by signal amplification and successfully measured the expression changes of multiple genes, indicating the type of toxin present.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Tom Wijers, Alwin Hylkema, Aaron R. Pilnick, Albertinka J. Murk, Joshua T. Patterson
Summary: This study optimized a new shaker bottle cultivation method for the long spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum and evaluated its effects on larval growth and survival. The method showed potential for providing juveniles to restock urchin-depleted reefs suffering from algae overgrowth.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yue Sun, Jill A. R. Soedarso, Jiamin Wang, Pieter Gremmen, Huub Rijnaarts, Wei -Shan Chen
Summary: This study improved the IC-PAD method for sulfide detection in domestic wastewater and introduced a SAOB-free sample collection method. The results showed that the IC-PAD method had high accuracy and precision in real domestic wastewater samples.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yi Wang, Nora B. Sutton, Yunhao Zheng, Hongmin Dong, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts
Summary: Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, and swine wastewater can be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study found that the presence of ARGs in swine wastewater during treatment in a three-chamber anaerobic pond (3-CAP) varied across different seasons. Applying swine wastewater in the proper month can help mitigate the spread of ARGs.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Astha Bhatta, Truong Minh Le, Koen Wetser, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts
Summary: The combined effect of climate change, rapid industrialisation, and traditional water use has led to freshwater stress situations in industrial delta regions. Alternative Water Sources (AWSs) provide opportunities to alleviate freshwater stress and contribute to sustainable industrial development. This study developed a Decision Support Model (DSM) to assist decision-makers in selecting the most feasible AWS. The results showed that rainwater was the most feasible AWS in the study location, while other AWS options varied in their rankings for different scenarios.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Ewout G. Knoester, Veerle E. Plug, Albertinka J. Murk, Susan O. Sande, R. Osinga
Summary: The study found that browsing pressure is lower in fished zones compared to marine reserves and no-take zones, resulting in lower consumption of macroalgae. No-take zones have higher herbivorous fish biomass, mainly unicornfishes and scrapers, which are able to consume macroalgae more effectively. Fished sites dominated by damselfish have high sea urchin densities and low browsing pressure.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
M. Atasoy, W. T. Scott Jr., K. van Gijn, J. J. Koehorst, H. Smidt, A. A. M. Langenhoff
Summary: Optimizing bioreactor performance is crucial for sustainable and energy-efficient removal of micropollutants in tertiary treatment. The resident microbial community plays a significant role in bioreactor performance, hence a deeper understanding of community dynamics is essential. By characterizing the microbial communities in three different bioreactors used for organic matter removal, an interdependency between bioreactor performance and microbial community profile was observed. A generalized Lotka-Volterra model was established to understand the interactions in the microbial community and develop strategies for improving bioreactor performance.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Elackiya Sithamparanathan, Nora B. Sutton, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld
Summary: Discharge of nitrogen with wastewater causes eutrophication in surface water, but nutrient-rich wastewater can be valuable for agriculture. Tailoring N removal or conservation is important to meet the requirements of different water end uses. Improved vertical flow constructed wetlands with pumice as substrata showed the highest TN removal at both COD/N ratios.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kaiyi Wu, Merve Atasoy, Hans Zweers, Huub Rijnaarts, Alette Langenhoff, Tania V. Fernandes
Summary: Microalgae-based technologies can effectively remove organic micropollutants (OMPs) from wastewater, but the impact of wastewater characteristics on the removal is not well understood. This study evaluated the removal of sixteen OMPs by Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in three types of wastewater. The results showed that the removal efficiency varied depending on the wastewater type, with longer retention time enhancing the removal of some OMPs. Wastewater soluble COD and biomass concentration were found to be the major factors affecting OMPs removal.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Kaiyi Wu, Tino Leliveld, Hans Zweers, Huub Rijnaarts, Alette Langenhoff, Tania Fernandes
Summary: Single microalgae species are effective at removing various organic micropollutants, but increased species diversity may enhance this removal. In this study, a mixed microbial community showed higher removal capacity than Chlorella sorokiniana at a specific stage, but removal efficiency decreased due to overgrowth of filamentous green algae.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Atefeh Zendehboudi, Azam Mohammadi, Sina Dobaradaran, Gabriel E. De-la-Torre, Bahman Ramavandi, Seyed Enayat Hashemi, Reza Saeedi, Emran Moradpour Tayebi, Ahmad Vafaee, Amirhossein Darabi
Summary: This study investigated the characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics (MPs) in ballast water for the first time, and found high levels of MP pollution. These findings contribute to our understanding of the sources and risks of microplastics in marine ecosystems.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rose Boahemaa Pinto, Linda Bogerd, Martine van der Ploeg, Kwame Duah, Remko Uijlenhoet, Tim H. M. van Emmerik
Summary: Catchment-scale plastic pollution assessments provide insights into the sources, sinks, and pathways of plastic pollution. We propose an approach to quantify macroplastic transport and density in the Odaw catchment, Ghana, and find that the urban riverine zone has the highest transport, while the urban tidal zone has the highest riverbank and land macroplastic density.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Aliya Baidourela, Qian Sun, Gongxin Yang, Umut Halik, Zhongkai Dong, Kaixu Cai, Guili Sun, Wenya Zhang, Sisi Cheng
Summary: The study focused on heavy metal pollution in the green vegetation of a suburban industrial area in Tuokexun County, Xinjiang, China. The results showed that the overall level of heavy metal pollution in the soil was minor, with mercury (Hg) being the most severe contamination, likely caused by human activities. The composition of heavy metal elements in trees was more stable compared to grass and shrubs, with varying concentrations across different vegetation. Shrubbery was found to be the most effective in heavy metal restoration, and there were disparities in heavy metal enrichment among different vegetation types.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
James H. Bridson, Hayden Masterton, Beatrix Theobald, Regis Risani, Fraser Doake, Jessica A. Wallbank, Stefan D. M. Maday, Gavin Lear, Robert Abbel, Dawn A. Smith, Joanne M. Kingsbury, Olga Pantos, Grant L. Northcott, Sally Gaw
Summary: Plastic pollution has significant environmental impacts, largely due to chemical additives. However, the behavior of plastic additives in marine environments is not well understood. A marine deployment experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of weathering on the extractables profile of four types of plastics in New Zealand over a period of nine months. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene was strongly influenced by artificial weathering, while polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate showed minimal change. These findings emphasize the importance of considering leaching and weathering effects on plastic composition when assessing the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution in receiving environments.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alan G. Scarlett, Francis D. Spilsbury, Steven J. Rowland, Marthe Monique Gagnon, Kliti Grice
Summary: This study used diamondoid hydrocarbon distributions to identify the sources of environmental oil contamination. A suite of 20 diamondoids was found to accumulate in fish adipose tissue. The scatter plots of indices between fish and exposure oils showed a close to ideal 1:1 relationship, which can be used to determine the origin of the oil.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Shan Jiang, Mengmeng Wan, Kun Lin, Yanshan Chen, Rui Wang, Liju Tan, Jiangtao Wang
Summary: In this study, the concentration, composition, distribution, and sources of PCBs in surface seawater of the Bohai Bay were analyzed. The results showed that PCBs in the Bohai Bay had high concentrations and were primarily derived from land-based sources such as port activities and river inputs. The PCBs in the Bohai Bay may come from commercial PCBs and their incineration products, municipal landfills, wood and coal combustion, and industrial activities, etc.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Icaro S. A. Porto, Saulo V. A. Dantas, Caio S. A. Felix, Francisco A. S. Cunha, Jailson B. de Andrade, Sergio L. C. Ferreira
Summary: This study evaluated the risks of mercury levels in sardines consumed by low-income population in Salvador, Brazil. The results showed that the mercury content in the sampled sardines posed no risks to human health. This study is significant as most sardines in Salvador come from Todos os Santos Bay, which has a history of mercury contamination.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jiahui Chen, Chengyu Yuan, Guanqun Zhai, Guangcheng Chen, Heng Zhu, Jun Liu, Yong Ye
Summary: This study investigated the combined influences of species selection and site elevation on greenhouse gas fluxes from restored mangrove soils. The results suggest that Avicennia marina should be selected for mangrove restoration to minimize carbon release and reduce the influence of greenhouse gas fluxes on the global greenhouse effect.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Emmanuel Onyeabor, Uju Obuka
Summary: The Gulf of Guinea region in Africa is a significant area for coastal countries, playing a vital role in their economic and environmental development. This study aims to reduce marine plastic pollution in the region by utilizing legal instruments.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yuanli Liu, Stephan Luttjohann, Alvise Vianello, Claudia Lorenz, Fan Liu, Jes Vollertsen
Summary: Large area attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (LAATR-FTIR) is a novel technique for detecting small microplastics, with limited accuracy for large microplastics. However, it shows promise in homogeneous matrices. The spectra quality is comparable between transmission mode and LAATR mode.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Phuc T. D. Le, Andrew M. Fischer, Britta D. Hardesty, Heidi J. Auman, Chris Wilcox
Summary: This study explores the relationship between ocean currents and the accumulation of floating marine debris (FMD) and finds that higher concentrations of FMD are associated with frontal frequencies (FF). FMD is primarily trapped in accumulation zones between fronts and the coastline, which have high biodiversity value.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rosa Sawan, Perine Doyen, Florence Viudes, Rachid Amara, Celine Mahfouz
Summary: Few studies have examined the impact of urbanization and meteorological events on microplastics discharged into the sea through rivers. Surface water samples were collected from two Lebanese rivers, with differing degrees of urbanization, during dry and wet periods. The results showed that the most industrialized river had a significantly higher abundance of microplastics compared to the less-industrialized river. There was also a correlation between particle contamination and the season at each site, with microplastic concentrations highest on the first day of the wet season. These findings highlight the importance of considering meteorological events in accurately assessing plastic pollution influx into coastal waters.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Katherine R. Shaw, Jonathan L. Whitney, Eileen M. Nalley, Madeline C. Schmidbauer, Megan J. Donahue, Jesse Black, Raquel N. Corniuk, Kellie Teague, Rachel Sandquist, Catherine Pirkle, Rachel Dacks, Max Sudnovsky, Jennifer M. Lynch
Summary: This study examines the ingestion of plastic in reef fish in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Plastic particles were found in the gastrointestinal tracts of multiple fish species. However, further analysis revealed that these particles were actually natural materials and posed no threat to human consumers.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Revati Hardikar, C. K. Haridevi, Shantaj Deshbhratar
Summary: This study investigated the variability in phytoplankton functional structure using a trait-based approach and explored the relationship between species traits and environmental factors, as well as their impact on ecosystem functioning. The results revealed that morphological traits, temperature, and ammonia played a decisive role in the seasonal succession of phytoplankton species. It was found that certain traits favored higher biomass production but might hinder energy transfer efficiency. The strong correlation between environmental variables and phytoplankton functional structure supports the practical implementation of a trait-based approach in studying phytoplankton community dynamics under different environmental conditions.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Engki A. Kisnarti, Nining Sari Ningsih, Mutiara R. Putri, Nani Hendiarti, Bernhard Mayer
Summary: This study examines the movement patterns of plastic marine debris in Indonesian waters, revealing that Indonesia contributes significantly to transboundary marine debris in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea. Most of the debris remains in Indonesian waters and moves back and forth due to the influence of monsoon currents.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
