Software-defined nanophotonic devices and systems empowered by machine learning

Breaking the limitation of polarization multiplexing in optical metasurfaces with engineered noise

(2023) Bo Xiong et al.   SCIENCE

Maximized Frequency Doubling through the Inverse Design of Nonlinear Metamaterials

(2022) Lakshmi Raju et al.   ACS Nano

Pushing the limits of functionality‐multiplexing capability in metasurface design based on statistical machine learning

(2022) Wei Ma et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Deep physical neural networks trained with backpropagation

(2022) Logan G. Wright et al.   NATURE

Advances and applications of nanophotonic biosensors

(2022) Hatice Altug et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Boosting the Efficiency of Smith–Purcell Radiators Using Nanophotonic Inverse Design

(2022) Urs Haeusler et al.   ACS Photonics

Topology-Optimized Ultracompact All-Optical Logic Devices on Silicon Photonic Platforms

(2022) Lu He et al.   ACS Photonics

Large-Scale Inverse Design of a Planar On-Chip Mode Sorter

(2022) Giuseppe Di Domenico et al.   ACS Photonics

Computational spectrometers enabled by nanophotonics and deep learning

(2022) Li Gao et al.   Nanophotonics

Free-form optimization of nanophotonic devices: from classical methods to deep learning

(2022) Juho Park et al.   Nanophotonics

Deep-learning-based colorimetric polarization-angle detection with metasurfaces

(2022) Bo Yang et al.   Optica

Broadband Single‐Chip Full Stokes Polarization‐Spectral Imaging Based on All‐Dielectric Spatial Multiplexing Metalens

(2022) Ti Sun et al.   Laser & Photonics Reviews

Free-Space Optical Merging via Meta-Grating Inverse-Design

(2022) Zejing Wang et al.   NANO LETTERS

An on-chip photonic deep neural network for image classification

(2022) Farshid Ashtiani et al.   NATURE

Neural networks for quantum inverse problems

(2022) Ningping Cao et al.   NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

Polarization multiplexed diffractive computing: all-optical implementation of a group of linear transformations through a polarization-encoded diffractive network

(2022) Jingxi Li et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Metasurface-enabled on-chip multiplexed diffractive neural networks in the visible

(2022) Xuhao Luo et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Enhancing Adjoint Optimization-Based Photonic Inverse Design with Explainable Machine Learning

(2022) Christopher Yeung et al.   ACS Photonics

Photolithographic realization of target nanostructures in 3D space by inverse design of phase modulation

(2022) Sang-Hyeon Nam et al.   Science Advances

Artificial Intelligence in Meta-optics

(2022) Mu Ku Chen et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Terahertz polarimetry with a monolithic metasurface

(2022) Thomas S. Nowack et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

Pixel-level Bayer-type colour router based on metasurfaces

(2022) Xiujuan Zou et al.   Nature Communications

Heterogeneous Transfer‐Learning‐Enabled Diverse Metasurface Design

(2022) Jie Zhang et al.   Advanced Optical Materials

Single-Layer Bayer Metasurface via Inverse Design

(2022) Jiahao Li et al.   ACS Photonics

On‐Demand Mode Conversion and Wavefront Shaping via On‐Chip Metasurfaces

(2022) Lin Deng et al.   Advanced Optical Materials

Concurrent Optimization of Diffraction Fields from Binary Phase Mask for Three-Dimensional Nanopatterning

(2022) Chihun Lee et al.   ACS Photonics

Hybrid inverse design of photonic structures by combining optimization methods with neural networks

(2022) Lin Deng et al.   Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications

Building Multifunctional Metasystems via Algorithmic Construction

(2021) Dayu Zhu et al.   ACS Nano

Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core

(2021) J. Feldmann et al.   NATURE

Terahertz pulse shaping using diffractive surfaces

(2021) Muhammed Veli et al.   Nature Communications

Deep Learning Enabled Design of Complex Transmission Matrices for Universal Optical Components

(2021) Nicholas J. Dinsdale et al.   ACS Photonics

End-to-end nanophotonic inverse design for imaging and polarimetry

(2021) Zin Lin et al.   Nanophotonics

Tackling Photonic Inverse Design with Machine Learning

(2021) Zhaocheng Liu et al.   Advanced Science

Deep‐Learned Broadband Encoding Stochastic Filters for Computational Spectroscopic Instruments

(2021) Hongya Song et al.   Advanced Theory and Simulations

Neural Network-Based On-Chip Spectroscopy Using a Scalable Plasmonic Encoder

(2021) Calvin Brown et al.   ACS Nano

Photonics for artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing

(2021) Bhavin J. Shastri et al.   Nature Photonics

Miniaturization of optical spectrometers

(2021) Zongyin Yang et al.   SCIENCE

Demonstration of an integrated nanophotonic chip-scale alkali vapor magnetometer using inverse design

(2021) Yoel Sebbag et al.   Light-Science & Applications

All-optical information-processing capacity of diffractive surfaces

(2021) Onur Kulce et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Nanoprinted high-neuron-density optical linear perceptrons performing near-infrared inference on a CMOS chip

(2021) Elena Goi et al.   Light-Science & Applications

High efficiency all-dielectric pixelated metasurface for near-infrared full-Stokes polarization detection

(2021) Jingpei Hu et al.   Photonics Research

Interfacing Photonics with Artificial Intelligence: A New Design Strategy for Photonic Structures and Devices based on Artificial Neural Networks

(2021) Yihao Xu et al.   Photonics Research

Free-space optical neural network based on thermal atomic nonlinearity

(2021) Arka Majumdar et al.   Photonics Research

Deep learning in nano-photonics: inverse design and beyond

(2021) Peter Wiecha et al.   Photonics Research

Realizing transmitted metasurface cloak by a tandem neural network

(2021) Zheng Zhen et al.   Photonics Research

Diffractive Deep Neural Networks at Visible Wavelengths

(2021) Hang Chen et al.   Engineering

Realizing Colorful Holographic Mimicry by Metasurfaces

(2021) Bo Xiong et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Inverse Design and 3D Printing of a Metalens on an Optical Fiber Tip for Direct Laser Lithography

(2021) Wisnu Hadibrata et al.   NANO LETTERS

A wavelength-scale black phosphorus spectrometer

(2021) Shaofan Yuan et al.   Nature Photonics

Large-scale neuromorphic optoelectronic computing with a reconfigurable diffractive processing unit

(2021) Tiankuang Zhou et al.   Nature Photonics

Competitive photonic neural networks

(2021) Daniel Brunner et al.   Nature Photonics

Deep Learning the Electromagnetic Properties of Metamaterials—A Comprehensive Review

(2021) Omar Khatib et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Perspective on the future of silicon photonics and electronics

(2021) Near Margalit et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Inverse Design of Ultra‐Compact Multimode Waveguide Bends Based on the Free‐Form Curves

(2021) Shangsen Sun et al.   Laser & Photonics Reviews

Electrically Driven Tunable Broadband Polarization States via Active Metasurfaces Based on Joule‐Heat‐Induced Phase Transition of Vanadium Dioxide

(2021) Fang‐Zhou Shu et al.   Laser & Photonics Reviews

Multiple-view D2NNs array: realizing robust 3D object recognition

(2021) Jiashuo Shi et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

Photonic Matrix Computing: From Fundamentals to Applications

(2021) Junwei Cheng et al.   Nanomaterials

Quantum State Tomography with Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks

(2021) Shahnawaz Ahmed et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS

Neural nano-optics for high-quality thin lens imaging

(2021) Ethan Tseng et al.   Nature Communications

Nanoscale neural network using non-linear spin-wave interference

(2021) Ádám Papp et al.   Nature Communications

All-optical synthesis of an arbitrary linear transformation using diffractive surfaces

(2021) Onur Kulce et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Optimizing Startshot Lightsail Design: A Generative Network-Based Approach

(2021) Zhaxylyk A. Kudyshev et al.   ACS Photonics

Computer-Free, All-Optical Reconstruction of Holograms Using Diffractive Networks

(2021) Md Sadman Sakib Rahman et al.   ACS Photonics

Inverse-Designed Photonic Crystal Circuits for Optical Beam Steering

(2021) Dries Vercruysse et al.   ACS Photonics

Full-color-sorting metalenses for high-sensitivity image sensors

(2021) Masashi Miyata et al.   Optica

Ultrafast machine vision with 2D material neural network image sensors

(2020) Lukas Mennel et al.   NATURE

Full Stokes Polarimetry for Wide‐angle Incident Light

(2020) Yaxin Zhang et al.   Physica Status Solidi-Rapid Research Letters

On-chip integrated laser-driven particle accelerator

(2020) Neil V. Sapra et al.   SCIENCE

Experimental Demonstration of Multidimensional and Multifunctional Metalenses Based on Photonic Spin Hall Effect

(2020) Renchao Jin et al.   ACS Photonics

Inverse-Designed Photonics for Semiconductor Foundries

(2020) Alexander Y. Piggott et al.   ACS Photonics

Multi-functional volumetric meta-optics for color and polarization image sensors

(2020) Andrei Faraon et al.   Optica

Broadband on-chip photonic spin Hall element via inverse design

(2020) Zhenwei Xie et al.   Photonics Research

Inverse-designed non-reciprocal pulse router for chip-based LiDAR

(2020) Ki Youl Yang et al.   Nature Photonics

Ultra-compact and efficient 1 × 2 mode converters based on rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm

(2020) Hansi Ma et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Electronic-photonic arithmetic logic unit for high-speed computing

(2020) Zhoufeng Ying et al.   Nature Communications

Performing optical logic operations by a diffractive neural network

(2020) Chao Qian et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Broadband perovskite quantum dot spectrometer beyond human visual resolution

(2020) Xiaoxiu Zhu et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Nanophotonic inverse design with SPINS: Software architecture and practical considerations

(2020) Logan Su et al.   Applied Physics Reviews

A Hybrid Strategy for the Discovery and Design of Photonic Structures

(2020) Zhaocheng Liu et al.   IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems

In situ optical backpropagation training of diffractive optical neural networks

(2020) Tiankuang Zhou et al.   Photonics Research

Three-dimensional vectorial holography based on machine learning inverse design

(2020) Haoran Ren et al.   Science Advances

Neural Sensors: Learning Pixel Exposures for HDR Imaging and Video Compressive Sensing With Programmable Sensors

(2020) Julien N. P. Martel et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

A data-efficient self-supervised deep learning model for design and characterization of nanophotonic structures

(2020) Wei Ma et al.   Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy

Genetic-Algorithm-Aided Meta-Atom Multiplication for Improved Absorption and Coloration in Nanophotonics

(2020) Changxu Liu et al.   ACS Photonics

Tunable Metasurface Inverse Design for 80% Switching Efficiencies and 144° Angular Deflection

(2020) Haejun Chung et al.   ACS Photonics

Inverse design of metasurfaces with non-local interactions

(2020) Haogang Cai et al.   npj Computational Materials

Harnessing Evanescent Waves by Bianisotropic Metasurfaces

(2020) Lin Li et al.   Laser & Photonics Reviews

Deep learning for the design of photonic structures

(2020) Wei Ma et al.   Nature Photonics

Full-Stokes imaging polarimetry based on a metallic metasurface

(2020) Bo Cheng et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Inverse design of a single-step-etched ultracompact silicon polarization rotator

(2020) Weijie Chang et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Solver-informed neural networks for spectrum reconstruction of colloidal quantum dot spectrometers

(2020) Jinhui Zhang et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Deep Learning-Based Holographic Polarization Microscopy

(2020) Tairan Liu et al.   ACS Photonics

Inference in artificial intelligence with deep optics and photonics

(2020) Gordon Wetzstein et al.   NATURE

Machine learning and applications in ultrafast photonics

(2020) Goëry Genty et al.   Nature Photonics

Scale-, Shift-, and Rotation-Invariant Diffractive Optical Networks

(2020) Deniz Mengu et al.   ACS Photonics

Deep neural networks for the evaluation and design of photonic devices

(2020) Jiaqi Jiang et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Pushing the limits of optical information storage using deep learning

(2019) Peter R. Wiecha et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Review of numerical optimization techniques for meta-device design [Invited]

(2019) Sawyer D. Campbell et al.   Optical Materials Express

Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations

(2019) Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri et al.   SCIENCE

Inverse design of multifunctional plasmonic metamaterial absorbers for infrared polarimetric imaging

(2019) Junyu Li et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Midinfrared real-time polarization imaging with all-dielectric metasurfaces

(2019) Chao Yan et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Inverse Design and Demonstration of Broadband Grating Couplers

(2019) Neil V. Sapra et al.   IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

All-optical spiking neurosynaptic networks with self-learning capabilities

(2019) J. Feldmann et al.   NATURE

Manipulating Cherenkov Radiation and Smith–Purcell Radiation by Artificial Structures

(2019) Zhaoxian Su et al.   Advanced Optical Materials

Probabilistic Representation and Inverse Design of Metamaterials Based on a Deep Generative Model with Semi-Supervised Learning Strategy

(2019) Wei Ma et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Deep neural networks for single shot structured light profilometry

(2019) Sam Van der Jeught et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Matrix Fourier optics enables a compact full-Stokes polarization camera

(2019) Noah A. Rubin et al.   SCIENCE

Microring resonator-assisted Fourier transform spectrometer with enhanced resolution and large bandwidth in single chip solution

(2019) S. N. Zheng et al.   Nature Communications

On the use of deep learning for computational imaging

(2019) George Barbastathis et al.   Optica

Subwavelength polarization splitter–rotator with ultra-compact footprint

(2019) Yingjie Liu et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

Single-nanowire spectrometers

(2019) Zongyin Yang et al.   SCIENCE

All-optical neural network with nonlinear activation functions

(2019) Ying Zuo et al.   Optica

Compact CMOS spectral sensor for the visible spectrum

(2019) Yibo Zhu et al.   Photonics Research

High-performance bifunctional polarization switch chiral metamaterials by inverse design method

(2019) Chuanbao Liu et al.   npj Computational Materials

Integrated photonic quantum technologies

(2019) Jianwei Wang et al.   Nature Photonics

Integrated nanophotonic wavelength router based on an intelligent algorithm

(2019) Zhouhui Liu et al.   Optica

Multi-Channel Parallel Silicon Mode-Order Converter for Multimode On-Chip Optical Switching

(2019) Hao Jia et al.   IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

Hierarchical Design and Optimization of Silicon Photonics

(2019) Andrew Michaels et al.   IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

Design of task-specific optical systems using broadband diffractive neural networks

(2019) Yi Luo et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Polarimetry with Disordered Photonic Structures

(2019) Michael Juhl et al.   ACS Photonics

Wave physics as an analog recurrent neural network

(2019) Tyler W. Hughes et al.   Science Advances

Deep-Learning-Enabled On-Demand Design of Chiral Metamaterials

(2018) Wei Ma et al.   ACS Nano

A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible

(2018) Shuming Wang et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Inverse design of near unity efficiency perfectly vertical grating couplers

(2018) Andrew Michaels et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Fully-automated optimization of grating couplers

(2018) Logan Su et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Imaging-based molecular barcoding with pixelated dielectric metasurfaces

(2018) Andreas Tittl et al.   SCIENCE

Resolving molecule-specific information in dynamic lipid membrane processes with multi-resonant infrared metasurfaces

(2018) Daniel Rodrigo et al.   Nature Communications

Ultra-broadband on-chip twisted light emitter for optical communications

(2018) Zhenwei Xie et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Inverse-Design and Demonstration of Ultracompact Silicon Meta-Structure Mode Exchange Device

(2018) Hao Jia et al.   ACS Photonics

Surface Topology Specific Metasurface Holograms

(2018) James Burch et al.   ACS Photonics

Training Deep Neural Networks for the Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Structures

(2018) Dianjing Liu et al.   ACS Photonics

Full Stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces

(2018) Ehsan Arbabi et al.   ACS Photonics

Reinforcement learning in a large-scale photonic recurrent neural network

(2018) J. Bueno et al.   Optica

On-chip silicon photonic signaling and processing: a review

(2018) Jian Wang et al.   Science Bulletin

Metasurface optics for full-color computational imaging

(2018) Shane Colburn et al.   Science Advances

Nanophotonic particle simulation and inverse design using artificial neural networks

(2018) John Peurifoy et al.   Science Advances

Inverse design of compact multimode cavity couplers

(2018) Weiliang Jin et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

All-optical machine learning using diffractive deep neural networks

(2018) Xing Lin et al.   SCIENCE

Inverse design in nanophotonics

(2018) Sean Molesky et al.   Nature Photonics

Generalized Hartmann-Shack array of dielectric metalens sub-arrays for polarimetric beam profiling

(2018) Zhenyu Yang et al.   Nature Communications

Compact folded metasurface spectrometer

(2018) MohammadSadegh Faraji-Dana et al.   Nature Communications

Adjoint Method and Inverse Design for Nonlinear Nanophotonic Devices

(2018) Tyler W. Hughes et al.   ACS Photonics

Preserving Spin States upon Reflection: Linear and Nonlinear Responses of a Chiral Meta-Mirror

(2017) Lei Kang et al.   NANO LETTERS

Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits

(2017) Yichen Shen et al.   Nature Photonics

Ultra-compact polarization rotation in integrated silicon photonics using digital metamaterials

(2017) Apratim Majumder et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components

(2017) Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad et al.   SCIENCE

Integrated nano-opto-electro-mechanical sensor for spectrometry and nanometrology

(2017) Žarko Zobenica et al.   Nature Communications

A Broadband Optical Diode for Linearly Polarized Light Using Symmetry-Breaking Metamaterials

(2017) Minkyung Kim et al.   Advanced Optical Materials

Inverse Design and Demonstration of a Compact on-Chip Narrowband Three-Channel Wavelength Demultiplexer

(2017) Logan Su et al.   ACS Photonics

Progress in neuromorphic photonics

(2017) Thomas Ferreira de Lima et al.   Nanophotonics

Bio-inspired color-polarization imager for real-time in situ imaging

(2017) Missael Garcia et al.   Optica

Fabrication-constrained nanophotonic inverse design

(2017) Alexander Y. Piggott et al.   Scientific Reports

Highly Sensitive Detection of Polarized Light Using Anisotropic 2D ReS2

(2016) Fucai Liu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Reconstruction-Free Action Inference from Compressive Imagers

(2016) Kuldeep Kulkarni et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

Manipulating Smith-Purcell Emission with Babinet Metasurfaces

(2016) Zuojia Wang et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS

Metalenses at visible wavelengths: Diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging

(2016) Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad et al.   SCIENCE

On-chip photonic Fourier transform with surface plasmon polaritons

(2016) Shan Shan Kou et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Circular Dichroism Metamirrors with Near-Perfect Extinction

(2016) Zuojia Wang et al.   ACS Photonics

Ultracompact metasurface in-line polarimeter

(2016) J. P. Balthasar Mueller et al.   Optica

An Active Metamaterial Platform for Chiral Responsive Optoelectronics

(2015) Lei Kang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Software-Defined Networking: A survey

(2015) Hamid Farhady et al.   Computer Networks

A colloidal quantum dot spectrometer

(2015) Jie Bao et al.   NATURE

Visible-frequency hyperbolic metasurface

(2015) Alexander A. High et al.   NATURE

Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency

(2015) Guoxing Zheng et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

An integrated-nanophotonics polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 × 2.4 μm2 footprint

(2015) Bing Shen et al.   Nature Photonics

Analog optical computing

(2015) Daniel R. Solli et al.   Nature Photonics

Inverse design and demonstration of a compact and broadband on-chip wavelength demultiplexer

(2015) Alexander Y. Piggott et al.   Nature Photonics

Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey

(2015) Diego Kreutz et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE

Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon Photonics for the Mid-Infrared and Spectroscopic Sensing

(2014) Yu Chen et al.   ACS Nano

Flat optics with designer metasurfaces

(2014) Nanfang Yu et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Full-Stokes imaging polarimeter using an array of elliptical polarizer

(2014) Wei-Liang Hsu et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements

(2014) D. Lin et al.   SCIENCE

Experimental demonstration of reservoir computing on a silicon photonics chip

(2014) Kristof Vandoorne et al.   Nature Communications

Inverse design and implementation of a wavelength demultiplexing grating coupler

(2014) Alexander Y. Piggott et al.   Scientific Reports

Compact spectrometer based on a disordered photonic chip

(2013) Brandon Redding et al.   Nature Photonics

Adjoint shape optimization applied to electromagnetic design

(2013) Christopher M. Lalau-Keraly et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces

(2013) A. V. Kildishev et al.   SCIENCE

Liquid crystal polymer full-stokes division of focal plane polarimeter

(2012) Graham Myhre et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

(2011) Yongmin Liu et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Filter-Based Miniature Spectrometers: Spectrum Reconstruction Using Adaptive Regularization

(2011) Umpei Kurokawa et al.   IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL

Building plasmonic nanostructures with DNA

(2011) Shawn J. Tan et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Past achievements and future challenges in the development of three-dimensional photonic metamaterials

(2011) Costas M. Soukoulis et al.   Nature Photonics

Taming the Blackbody with Infrared Metamaterials as Selective Thermal Emitters

(2011) Xianliang Liu et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS

Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction

(2011) N. Yu et al.   SCIENCE

Cascaded logic gates in nanophotonic plasmon networks

(2011) Hong Wei et al.   Nature Communications

Silicon optical modulators

(2010) G. T. Reed et al.   Nature Photonics

Particle-swarm optimization of broadband nanoplasmonic arrays

(2010) Carlo Forestiere et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

On-chip CMOS-compatible all-optical integrator

(2010) M. Ferrera et al.   Nature Communications

Chiral metamaterials: simulations and experiments

(2009) Bingnan Wang et al.  

An optical cloak made of dielectrics

(2009) Jason Valentine et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Negative Refractive Index in Chiral Metamaterials

(2009) Shuang Zhang et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS

Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index

(2008) Jason Valentine et al.   NATURE