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(Nano)platforms in breast cancer therapy: Drug/gene delivery, advanced nanocarriers and immunotherapy

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS (2023)

Journal

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS

Volume -, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

WILEY

DOI: 10.1002/med.21971

Keywords

breast cancer; cancer therapy; clinical application; nanotechnology; stimuli-responsive nanocarriers

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Abstract

Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease with no absolute cure, but nanomedicine offers new opportunities for treatment. Nanoparticles can deliver chemotherapeutic agents, natural products, and gene therapy materials to enhance cytotoxicity, regulate gene expression, and induce treatments such as photothermal therapy. They can also be used for diagnosis and detection of biomarkers. Different types of nanoparticles, including carbon, lipid, polymeric, and metal-based nanostructures, have been employed for breast cancer therapy with varying biocompatibility and delivery efficiency.

Breast cancer is the most malignant tumor in women, and there is no absolute cure for it. Although treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are utilized for breast cancer, it is still a life-threatening disease for humans. Nanomedicine has provided a new opportunity in breast cancer treatment, which is the focus of the current study. The nanocarriers deliver chemotherapeutic agents and natural products, both of which increase cytotoxicity against breast tumor cells and prevent the development of drug resistance. The efficacy of gene therapy is boosted by nanoparticles and the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9, Noncoding RNAs, and RNAi, promoting their potential for gene expression regulation. The drug and gene codelivery by nanoparticles can exert a synergistic impact on breast tumors and enhance cellular uptake via endocytosis. Nanostructures are able to induce photothermal and photodynamic therapy for breast tumor ablation via cell death induction. The nanoparticles can provide tumor microenvironment remodeling and repolarization of macrophages for antitumor immunity. The stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, including pH-, redox-, and light-sensitive, can mediate targeted suppression of breast tumors. Besides, nanoparticles can provide a diagnosis of breast cancer and detect biomarkers. Various kinds of nanoparticles have been employed for breast cancer therapy, including carbon-, lipid-, polymeric- and metal-based nanostructures, which are different in terms of biocompatibility and delivery efficiency.

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Nanocarrier cancer therapeutics with functional stimuli-responsive mechanisms

Neha Kaushik, Shweta B. Borkar, Sondavid K. Nandanwar, Pritam Kumar Panda, Eun Ha Choi, Nagendra Kumar Kaushik

Summary: Nanocarriers (NCs) have attracted significant attention for their structural ability, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The development of NCs with stimuli-responsive properties has become a hot topic among scientists. These NCs can deliver drugs to tumors by regulating their pH, temperature, and enzyme responsiveness, thereby improving the accuracy of drug delivery and minimizing side effects. Material carriers for chemotherapeutic medicines are discussed in this review, with a focus on their structural properties and targeting methods that enhance therapeutic efficacy and trigger metabolic pathways. Overall, the development of NCs that respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli in tumor regions and the understanding of their mechanisms have great potential for advancing tumor therapy and precision diagnosis in the future.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)