Target strength of Cyclothone species with fat-filled swimbladers

The use of acoustic scattering models provide estimates of single target echoes that allow acousticians to convert acoustic information into biologically meaningful measures. The literature on organisms' target strength is extensive but is mainly focused on commercial stocks of small pelagic fishes and zooplankton species. A few models of swimbladdered fishes of the mesopelagic zone are also available. However, deep species of the lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones tend to have regressed swimbladders or lack one. These habitats have low numerical densities and thus single target studies and angle variation are of particular relevance. Cyclothone spp, the most abundant fishes in the planet and a major constituent of the biomass in the bathypelagic zone, possess gas-filled swimbladders in the upper mesopelagic zone and in larvae stages of all species, but deeper species gradually fill their swimbladder with age. They thus change from a gas-bearing acoustic scattering to a fluid like type. This study applies the Kirchoff Ray Mode (KRM) model based on real fish body shapes of Cyclothone individuals derived from photographs of organisms captured along the year in the Bay of Biscay in order to obtain target strength (TS) of these individuals. Width versus standard length (SL) values fitted the following equation: width=0.01+0.02*SL. Estimated TS values in the Rayleigh zone at broadside had significant linear correlations with SL that can be employed as an approximation of their scattering (TS = 35*log10(SL) - 119, TS = 35*log10(SL) - 106 and TS = 35*log10(SL) - 97 at 18, 38 and 70 kHz respectively). TS at 120 and 200 kHz were not significantly correlated with standard length. Changes in fish body sound speed and density values highly vary the TS level. Assuming neutral buoyancy (body density close to surrounding seawater density), mean TS values were located at -91, -85, -78, -77, -80 dB at 18, 38 and 70, 120 and 200 kHz respectively. TS changes with orientation were also considered depicting important variations in echo level as well as in TS spectra. This study provides relevant information on the acoustic characteristics of lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic Cyclothone species that can be employed to better infer knowledge from acoustic recordings in those areas.

Automated summary

The use of acoustic scattering models allows acousticians to convert acoustic information into biologically meaningful measures by estimating single target echoes. The literature on organisms' target strength mainly focuses on small pelagic fishes and zooplankton species in commercial stocks. However, species in the lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones, which have regressed swimbladders or lack one, require specific studies on single targets and angle variation due to their low numerical densities. This study applies the Kirchoff Ray Mode (KRM) model to obtain target strength (TS) values of Cyclothone species using real fish body shapes derived from photographs. The study provides relevant information on the acoustic characteristics of Cyclothone species in lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones, which can enhance our understanding of acoustic recordings in these areas.