Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes through the synergistic interaction between plasma-activated water and organic acid

This study observed that when plasma-activated water (PAW) was combined with organic acid, it showed a synergistic inactivation effect on Listeria monocytogenes, which is highly resistant to PAW. When comparing various organic acids, lactic acid (LA) showed the greatest synergistic effect, followed by malic acid (MA), citric acid (CA), and acetic acid (AA), whereas propionic acid (PA) did not show a synergistic effect. Organic acid lowered the activity of ROS defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) by reducing intracellular pH (pHi), which induced the increase in the accumulation of ROS of PAW within the cell. In the end, the synergistic inactivation effect appeared as the increased occurrence of oxidative damage when organic acid was combined as a series of preceding causes. In this case, LA with the greatest ability to lower the pH induced the greatest synergistic effect, suggesting that LA is the best candidate to be combined with PAW. As a result of observing changes in inactivation activity for L. monocytogenes of PAW combined with 1.0% LA while storing at -80,-20, 4, 25, & 37 degrees C for 30 days, respectively, it was confirmed that the lower the temperature, the lower the activity loss during the storage period, and that it had an activity of 3.72 log reduction based on 10 min treatment when stored at -80 degrees C for 30 days. Application of PAW combined with 1.0% LA stored at -80 degrees C for 30 days to mackerel inoculated with L. monocytogenes in ice form resulted in a decrease of 4.53 log after 120 min treatment, without changing the quality of mackerel. These results suggest that combining LA with PAW can be an effective control strategy for L. monocytogenes with high resistance to PAW, and can be effectively utilized, even in ice form.

Automated summary

This study found that combining plasma-activated water (PAW) with organic acid had a synergistic effect on inactivating highly resistant Listeria monocytogenes. Among the organic acids tested, lactic acid (LA) showed the strongest synergistic effect, followed by malic acid (MA), citric acid (CA), and acetic acid (AA), while propionic acid (PA) did not show synergistic effect. Organic acid reduced the activity of ROS defense enzymes by lowering intracellular pH, leading to increased accumulation of ROS from PAW within the cell, resulting in enhanced oxidative damage and inactivation.