Journal
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 164, Issue 2, Pages F107-F114Publisher
ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC
DOI: 10.1149/2.0041702jes
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Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- NSERC Collaborative Research and Training Experience Program (CREATE) Program in Distributed Generation for Remote Communities
- Canada Research Chairs Program
- Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation Early Researcher Award
- Canada Graduate Scholarships
- University of Toronto
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Research Council Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Government of Saskatchewan
- Western Economic Diversification Canada
- University of Saskatchewan
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For the first time, the precision and the accuracy of liquid water content measurements in operating polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells from synchrotron X-ray radiographic imaging are determined. We define the precision of X-ray radiographic-based water measurements by combining two types of uncertainties. In the uncertainty of type A, the standard deviation of the average through-plane water thickness distribution is determined as a function of time and space. In the uncertainty of type B, the effects of the instrumentation (camera readout noise and X-ray energy level) in the Beer-Lambert law are considered. The volume of liquid water in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is quantified with the greatest precision (plus or minus 5%) when using a beam energy of 24 keV and a low camera readout noise. The accuracy of our synchrotron X-ray-based liquid water measurements is determined from the direct comparison to neutron radiography measurements reported by Kotaka et al. (Electrochim. Acta. 146, 2014). The GDL through-plane distributions and volumes of liquid water measured by two techniques are in excellent agreement. From this work, synchrotron X-ray radiography is shown to be a powerful technique that is both precise and accurate for measuring the spatial distribution of liquid water in miniature operating PEM fuel cells. (c) 2016 The Electrochemical Society.
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