4.6 Article

Resolving a Discrepancy in Diffusion Potentials, with a Case Study for Li-Ion Batteries

Journal

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 163, Issue 8, Pages E223-E229

Publisher

ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC
DOI: 10.1149/2.0451608jes

Keywords

-

Funding

  1. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office and Advanced Battery Material Research Program [DE-EE-00006821]
  2. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
  3. Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology

Ask authors/readers for more resources

Overpotentials induced by liquid-phase composition variation can be important when electrochemical devices are operated at high current. The dominant models that describe such 'diffusion potentials' are Nernst-Planck (dilute-solution) theory and Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell (concentrated-solution) theory. Nernst-Planck flux laws emerge from Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell laws in the limit of high electrolyte dilution, and the material properties involved come into agreement. The two models yield different expressions for diffusion potentials in the dilute limit, however, because of a disparity in how electric potential is defined. As applied to lithium-ion batteries, concentrated-solution theory employs a voltage measured by a reference electrode reversible to lithium cations; this provides an unambiguous connection to a measurement process, albeit hypothetical on a local scale. After the Nernst-Planck voltage is related to such a properly referenced voltage, the discrepancy in diffusion potentials vanishes. The impact of using Nernst-Planck voltages instead of measurable voltages is illustrated by simulations of a lithium-ion battery. Terminal-to-terminal voltage is relatively unaffected, but the thermal response and internal states change significantly. (C) The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved.

Authors

I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.6
Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty
-
Significance
-
Scientific rigor
-
Rate this paper

Recommended

Article Engineering, Chemical

Consolidated theory of fluid thermodiffusion

Alexander Van-Brunt, Patrick E. Farrell, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: This article presents the Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell thermodiffusion equations, which explain the Soret and Dufour effects in multicomponent fluids. This framework preserves the structure of the isothermal Stefan-Maxwell equations and separates the forces driving diffusion and heat flow. The authors demonstrate the feasibility of this method through numerical simulations.

AICHE JOURNAL (2022)

Review Electrochemistry

Review-Knees in Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Trajectories

Peter M. Attia, Alexander Bills, Ferran Brosa Planella, Philipp Dechent, Goncalo dos Reis, Matthieu Dubarry, Paul Gasper, Richard Gilchrist, Samuel Greenbank, David Howey, Ouyang Liu, Edwin Khoo, Yuliya Preger, Abhishek Soni, Shashank Sripad, Anna G. Stefanopoulou, Valentin Sulzer

Summary: This article reviews the phenomenon of "knees" in the aging trajectories of lithium-ion batteries and discusses their pathways, key design and usage sensitivities, as well as the challenges and opportunities for knee modeling and prediction.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Entropy Profiling for the Diagnosis of NCA/Gr-SiOx Li-Ion Battery Health

Malgorzata E. Wojtala, Alana A. Zulke, Robert Burrell, Mangayarkarasi Nagarathinam, Guanchen Li, Harry E. Hoster, David A. Howey, Michael P. Mercer

Summary: This study used entropy profiling to track aging markers in graphite-silicon blend negative electrodes, revealing cycling direction-dependent entropy differences and an increase in entropy hysteresis with age.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Structural electroneutrality in Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell transport with charged species

Alexander Van-Brunt, Patrick E. Farrell, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: We introduce a method to incorporate local electroneutrality into Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell electrolytic transport models, avoiding the need for differential systems with an algebraic constraint. We develop flux-explicit transport laws for general multicomponent electrolytes using invertible matrix calculations. By defining conjugate component concentrations and fluxes, we preserve the structures of the Gibbs function and energy dissipation, enabling symmetric Onsager reciprocal relations. This framework reproduces known constitutive laws and proposes laws for salt solutions in two-solvent blends.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2023)

Article Electrochemistry

Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Lithium-Ion Battery Model Parameterization

Toby L. Kirk, Adam Lewis-Douglas, David Howey, Colin P. Please, S. J. Jon Chapman

Summary: In this work, the local nonlinear electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (NLEIS) response of a lithium-ion battery is analyzed and model parameters are estimated from measured NLEIS data. The analysis assumes a single-particle model that includes nonlinear diffusion of lithium within the electrode particles and asymmetric charge transfer kinetics at their surface. Analytical formulae for the impedances up to the second harmonic response are systematically derived, allowing the interpretation of each contribution in terms of physical processes and nonlinearities in the model. The validation of the model is demonstrated by predicting time-domain voltage response using the parameterized model, showing excellent agreement with measured voltage time-series data (11.1 mV RMSE).

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2023)

Article Engineering, Mechanical

Piecewise-linear modelling with automated feature selection for Li-ion battery end-of-life prognosis

Samuel Greenbank, David A. Howey

Summary: The study compares a piecewise-linear approach and a Gaussian process regression model in battery health forecasting and finds that they perform equally well in terms of median error on the training dataset, with the piecewise-linear approach performing slightly better at the 95th percentile of error. The feature selection process also demonstrates the benefit of limiting correlation between inputs. Furthermore, additional trials confirm the robustness of the piecewise-linear approach to changes in input size and availability of training data.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING (2023)

Article Energy & Fuels

Digital twin of a MWh-scale grid battery system for efficiency and degradation analysis

Jorn M. Reniers, David A. Howey

Summary: Large-scale grid-connected lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being deployed to support renewable energy roll-out. However, the impact of system design choices and ancillary system controls on long-term degradation and efficiency of these systems has rarely been considered. This study provides detailed simulation results on a 1 MWh grid battery system, showing that the variation in degradation rate of individual cells dominates the system behaviour over the lifetime. The importance of careful thermal management system control is also demonstrated, improving overall efficiency and total usable energy over time.

APPLIED ENERGY (2023)

Article Thermodynamics

Compressibility of Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Solutions in Two Carbonate Solvents

Andrew A. Wang, Delia Persa, Sara Helin, Kirk P. Smith, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: Speed-of-sound measurements were conducted to investigate the changes of isentropic bulk modulus Ks in an electrolyte system composed of lithium hexafluorophospate (LiPF6) in blends of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). The Ks values were accurately determined for nine different compositions, including salt molality m, mass fraction of PC in the PC:EMC cosolvent f, and temperature T. The results showed that the compressibility of the electrolyte varied with the solvent ratio, salt content, and temperature, with Ks ranging from 1 to 3 GPa. The acoustical properties related to the composition provided insights into the speciation and solvation states in the bulk electrolytes.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA (2023)

Article Electrochemistry

Multi-Week Cycling of a Nonaqueous Flow Battery Using Tris-Bipyridine Iron (II) Triflate without Additional Supporting Electrolyte

Kirk P. Smith, Rohit Rungta, Andrew A. Wang, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: Tris-bipyridine iron (II) triflate was synthesized and used as an active species in a symmetric disproportionation redox-flow-battery chemistry without a supporting electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the coordination complex salt solution (0.1 M in acetonitrile). The full-cell charge/discharge cycling and impedance testing were performed in reactors with a porous Daramic 175 separator membrane. The system exhibited over 800 cycles and achieved more than 80% round-trip energy efficiency.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Overpotential from Cosolvent Imbalance in Battery Electrolytes: LiPF6 in EMC:EC

Taeho Jung, Andrew A. Wang, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: Most liquid lithium-ion battery electrolytes use cosolvent blends but the dominant electrochemical transport models assume a single-solvent approximation which doesn't consider the effect of nonuniform cosolvent ratios on cell voltage. Measurements were performed on electrolytes with fixed-reference concentration cells and liquid-junction potentials were observed when only the cosolvent ratio was polarized. A transport model for EMC:EC:LiPF6 solutions based on irreversible thermodynamics was proposed, and junction coefficients of EC and LiPF6 were reported.

ACS OMEGA (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Current-driven solvent segregation in lithium-ion electrolytes

Andrew A. Wang, Samuel Greenbank, Guanchen Li, David A. Howey, Charles W. Monroe

Summary: Liquid lithium-battery electrolytes commonly use multiple solvents to balance conductivity and viscosity. Current continuum models that treat cosolvent systems as single entities have been found to be inaccurate. Simulations have shown extreme solvent segregation near electrode/liquid interfaces, providing new insights for electrolyte design.

CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE (2022)

Review Energy & Fuels

Review of parameterisation and a novel database (LiionDB) for continuum Li-ion battery models

A. A. Wang, S. E. J. O'Kane, F. Brosa Planella, J. Le Houx, K. O'Regan, M. Zyskin, J. Edge, C. W. Monroe, S. J. Cooper, D. A. Howey, E. Kendrick, J. M. Foster

Summary: The article critically reviews the methods for measuring or inferring parameters within the isothermal DFN framework for lithium-ion batteries, and provides a searchable database of parameters for the standard DFN model. It discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these methods.

PROGRESS IN ENERGY (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Anisotropic Thermal Characterisation of Large-Format Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Jie Lin, Howie N. Chu, Charles W. Monroe, David A. Howey

Summary: Temperature strongly affects battery performance, safety and durability. This study proposes new methods to accurately measure the thermal properties of lithium-ion pouch cells.

BATTERIES & SUPERCAPS (2022)

No Data Available