Polylactic acid synthesis, biodegradability, conversion to microplastics and toxicity: a review

Biodegradable plastics in aquatic ecosystems: latest findings, research gaps, and recommendations

(2022) Laura Ribba et al.   Environmental Research Letters

Degradability of bioplastics in anaerobic digestion systems and their effects on biogas production: a review

(2022) Suat Vardar et al.   REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO-TECHNOLOGY

Biodegradable and conventional microplastics posed similar toxicity to marine algae Chlorella vulgaris

(2022) Yuanyuan Su et al.   AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY

Exposure of microplastics to organic matter in waters enhances microplastic encapsulation into calcium carbonate

(2022) Nives Matijaković Mlinarić et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Diet preference of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for bio-based polylactic acid microplastics and induced intestinal damage and microbiota dysbiosis

(2022) Zhenghua Duan et al.   JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

A review on poly lactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable polymer

(2022) Nur-Azzah Afifah Binti Taib et al.   POLYMER BULLETIN

Millions of microplastics released from a biodegradable polymer during biodegradation/enzymatic hydrolysis

(2022) Xin-Feng Wei et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Behaviour of a self-reinforced polylactic acid (SRPLA) in seawater

(2022) M. Le Gall et al.   POLYMER TESTING

Do poly(lactic acid) microplastics instigate a threat? A perception for their dynamic towards environmental pollution and toxicity

(2022) Nina Maria Ainali et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Lignin and polylactic acid for the production of bioplastics and valuable chemicals

(2022) Rajendran Nandhini et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Trophic transfer of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem of Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh

(2022) Subrata Sarker et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Ecotoxicity of Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Microplastics in Marine Zooplankton

(2022) Michela Di Giannantonio et al.   Toxics

Natural and synthetic polymeric antimicrobials with quaternary ammonium moieties: a review

(2021) Anca Giorgiana Grigoras   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Effects of microplastics on marine copepods

(2021) Zhuoan Bai et al.   ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

Effects of polyethylene-type microplastics on the growth and primary production of the freshwater phytoplankton species Scenedesmus armatus and Microcystis aeruginosa

(2021) A. Sánchez-Fortún et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY

Microplastic pollution in soil and groundwater: a review

(2021) Rogers Wainkwa Chia et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Toxicity and behavioral response of zebrafish exposed to combined microplastic and bisphenol analogues

(2021) Xiyan Mu et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Microplastic ingestion in reared aquaculture fish: Biological responses to low-density polyethylene controlled diets in Sparus aurata

(2021) Carme Alomar et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Biodegradable microplastics (BMPs): a new cause for concern?

(2021) Can Wang et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH

Impacts of microplastics on reproductive performance of male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pre-fed on Amphora coffeaeformis

(2021) Rania F. Ismail et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH

Tailoring the biodegradability of polylactic acid (PLA) based films and ramie- PLA green composites by using selective additives

(2021) Swati Sharma et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

A review of biodegradable plastics to biodegradable microplastics: Another ecological threat to soil environments?

(2021) Meng Qin et al.   Journal of Cleaner Production

Photolytic degradation elevated the toxicity of polylactic acid microplastics to developing zebrafish by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis

(2021) Xingli Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Are bio-based and biodegradable microplastics impacting for blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)?

(2021) Amina Khalid et al.   MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Microplastics generated from a biodegradable plastic in freshwater and seawater

(2021) Xin-Feng Wei et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Innovations in applications and prospects of bioplastics and biopolymers: a review

(2021) Sonil Nanda et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Microplastics in mangroves and coral reef ecosystems: a review

(2021) Juliana John et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Lactide Lactone Chain Shuttling Copolymerization Mediated by an Aminobisphenolate Supported Aluminum Complex and Al(OiPr)3: Access to New Polylactide Based Block Copolymers

(2021) Julie Meimoun et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment

(2020) Ali Chamas et al.   ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice

(2020) A. Kelly et al.   MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Polystyrene microplastics induce mortality through acute cell stress and inhibition of cholinergic activity in a brine shrimp

(2020) Hye-Jin Eom et al.   Molecular & Cellular Toxicology

Microplastics affect sedimentary microbial communities and nitrogen cycling

(2020) Meredith E. Seeley et al.   Nature Communications

Impact of microplastics on microbial community in sediments of the Huangjinxia Reservoir—water source of a water diversion project in western China

(2020) Changchao Li et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review

(2020) Ibrahim Almeshal et al.   CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS

Interaction of freshwater microplastics with biota and heavy metals: a review

(2020) Nafiaah Naqash et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

LDPE microplastics significantly alter the temporal turnover of soil microbial communities

(2020) Jie Wang et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Potential effects of biodegradable single-use items in the sea: polylactic acid (PLA) and solitary ascidians

(2020) Anderson Guillermo et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Thermal decomposition behavior of 3D printing filaments made of wood‐filled polylactic acid/starch blend

(2020) Yufeng Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

A review on degradation mechanisms of polylactic acid: Hydrolytic, photodegradative, microbial, and enzymatic degradation

(2020) Nor Fasihah Zaaba et al.   POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Biomicroplastics vs. Conventional microplastics: an insight on the toxicity of these polymers in dragonfly larvae

(2020) Thales Quintão Chagas et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments

(2020) Silvia Kliem et al.   Materials

Degradation of Polylactic Acid Using Sub-Critical Water for Compost

(2020) Toshiharu Goto et al.   Polymers

Lake Phytoplankton Assemblage Altered by Irregularly Shaped PLA Body Wash Microplastics but Not by PS Calibration Beads

(2020) Kiyoko Yokota et al.   Water

Effects of microplastics exposure on ingestion, fecundity, development, and dimethylsulfide production in Tigriopus japonicus (Harpacticoida, copepod)

(2020) Juan Yu et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

What are the drivers of microplastic toxicity? Comparing the toxicity of plastic chemicals and particles to Daphnia magna

(2020) Lisa Zimmermann et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Chemicals associated with biodegradable microplastic drive the toxicity to the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus

(2020) Kristina Klein et al.   AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY

Behavioral and biochemical consequences of Danio rerio larvae exposure to polylactic acid bioplastic

(2020) João Pedro Justiniano de Oliveira et al.   JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Two-dimensional distribution and abundance of micro- and mesoplastic pollution in the surface sediment of Xialiao Beach, New Taipei City, Taiwan

(2019) Lamtiur Junita Bancin et al.   MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Composites of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co- terephthalate) blend with wood fiber and wollastonite: Physical properties, morphology, and biodegradability

(2019) Phasawat Chaiwutthinan et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Characterization of polylactic acid green composites and its biodegradation in a bacterial environment

(2019) Dalila Hammiche et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

Environmental Deterioration of Biodegradable, Oxo-biodegradable, Compostable, and Conventional Plastic Carrier Bags in the Sea, Soil, and Open-Air Over a 3-Year Period

(2019) Imogen E. Napper et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod

(2019) Matthew Cole et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Thermal and biodegradation properties of poly(lactic acid)/rice straw composites: effects of modified pulping products

(2019) As’ad Zandi et al.   IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL

Transgenerational Proteome Plasticity in Resilience of a Marine Copepod in Response to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Microplastics

(2019) Chen Zhang et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile and adult Daphnia magna

(2019) Yehia Sayed Eltemsah et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus

(2019) Rachel L. Coppock et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Biodegradation of polylactide-based composites with an addition of a compatibilizing agent in different environments

(2019) Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska et al.   INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION

Bioplastics: Missing link in the era of Microplastics

(2019) V.C. Shruti et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Microplastics pollution along the Lebanese coast (Eastern Mediterranean Basin): Occurrence in surface water, sediments and biota samples

(2019) Maria Kazour et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Plastics of the future? The impact of biodegradable polymers on the environment and on society

(2018) Tobias Haider et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Mitochondrial DNA analyses of Donax trunculus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) population structure in the Iberian Peninsula, a bivalve with high commercial importance

(2018) Jenyfer Fernández-Pérez et al.   AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

Influence of microplastics on the toxicity of the pharmaceuticals procainamide and doxycycline on the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii

(2018) Joana C. Prata et al.   AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY

Assessment of Electrolytes and Metals Profile of the Faro Lake (Capo Peloro Lagoon, Sicily, Italy) and Its Impact on Mytilus galloprovincialis

(2018) Gioele Capillo et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY

Phytoplankton response to polystyrene microplastics: Perspective from an entire growth period

(2018) Yufeng Mao et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Manufacturing and compatibilization of PLA/PBAT binary blends by cottonseed oil-based derivatives

(2018) A. Carbonell-Verdu et al.   Express Polymer Letters

Hydrolytic and thermal degradation of polyethylene glycol compatibilized poly(lactic acid)-nanocrystalline cellulose bionanocomposites

(2018) Ping Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Responses of bacterial community to dibutyl phthalate pollution in a soil-vegetable ecosystem

(2018) Xiao Kong et al.   JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

The importance of sediments in ecological quality assessment of stream headwaters: embryotoxicity along the Nidda River and its tributaries in Central Hesse, Germany

(2018) Mona Schweizer et al.   Environmental Sciences Europe

Biodegradable Plastic Blends Create New Possibilities for End-of-Life Management of Plastics but They Are Not a Panacea for Plastic Pollution

(2018) Tanja Narancic et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Jointly modified mechanical properties and accelerated hydrolytic degradation of PLA by interface reinforcement of PLA-WF

(2018) Lu Wan et al.   Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

Parallel advances in improving mechanical properties and accelerating degradation to polylactic acid

(2018) Wan Lu et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

A green physical approach to compatibilize a bio-based poly (lactic acid)/lignin blend for better mechanical, thermal and degradation properties

(2018) Ashish Kumar et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition

(2018) J.P.G.L. Frias et al.   MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Exposure to microplastics reduces attachment strength and alters the haemolymph proteome of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)

(2018) Dannielle S. Green et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Interactions between polystyrene microplastics and marine phytoplankton lead to species-specific hetero-aggregation

(2017) Marc Long et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum : Interactions between microplastic and algae

(2017) Cai Zhang et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Hyperbranched PDLA-polyglicerol: A novel additive for tuning PLLA electrospun fiber degradation and properties

(2017) Lorenza Gardella et al.   EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL

New advances in the biodegradation of Poly(lactic) acid

(2017) Xiang Qi et al.   INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION

Disintegration in Compost Conditions and Water Uptake of Green Composites from Poly(Lactic Acid) and Hazelnut Shell Flour

(2017) J. F. Balart et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in Schizothorax plagiostomus and Mastacembelus armatus from River Swat, River Panjkora and River Barandu in Malakand Division, Pakistan

(2017) Hazrat Ali et al.   PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Abiotic and biotic environmental degradation of the bioplastic polymer poly(lactic acid): A review

(2017) Mehlika Karamanlioglu et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Effect of reactive functionalization on properties and degradability of poly(lactic acid)/poly(vinyl acetate) nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals

(2017) M. Minhaz-Ul Haque et al.   REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS

Formation of microscopic particles during the degradation of different polymers

(2016) Scott Lambert et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Microplastic interactions with freshwater microalgae: Hetero-aggregation and changes in plastic density appear strongly dependent on polymer type

(2016) Fabienne Lagarde et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Effects of microplastics on European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis and their associated benthic communities

(2016) Dannielle Senga Green   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer (Arenicola marina) and sediment nutrient cycling

(2016) Dannielle Senga Green et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Microplastics Affect the Ecological Functioning of an Important Biogenic Habitat

(2016) Dannielle Senga Green et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Production and characterization of PLA_PBS biodegradable blends reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals extracted from hemp fibres

(2016) F. Luzi et al.   INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS

Hydrolysis of polylactide in aqueous media

(2016) Edwin J. Rodriguez et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Biodegradable Blends with Potential Use in Packaging: A Comparison of PLA/Chitosan and PLA/Cellulose Acetate Films

(2016) P. I. C. Claro et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate)/wood flour composites: Physical and morphological properties

(2016) Saowaroj Chuayjuljit et al.   POLYMER COMPOSITES

Bionanocomposite films based on plasticized PLA–PHB/cellulose nanocrystal blends

(2015) M.P. Arrieta et al.   CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS

Green metrics for sustainability of biobased lactic acid from starchy biomass vs chemical synthesis

(2015) Grazina Juodeikiene et al.   CATALYSIS TODAY

Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae

(2015) Matthew Cole et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Migration resistant glucose esters as bioplasticizers for polylactide

(2015) Xi Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Kinetics and mechanism of the biodegradation of PLA/clay nanocomposites during thermophilic phase of composting process

(2015) Petr Stloukal et al.   WASTE MANAGEMENT

Microplastic is an Abundant and Distinct Microbial Habitat in an Urban River

(2014) Amanda McCormick et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Investigation of thermo-mechanical, chemical and degradative properties of PLA-limonene films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Phormium tenax leaves

(2014) E. Fortunati et al.   EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL

Marine-degradable polylactic acid

(2014) Ryan T. Martin et al.   GREEN CHEMISTRY

Toward faster degradation for natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by enhancing the hydrolysis-induced surface erosion

(2014) Lan Xie et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH

Modeling the pH-dependent PLA oligomer degradation kinetics

(2014) S. Lazzari et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Disintegrability under composting conditions of plasticized PLA–PHB blends

(2014) M.P. Arrieta et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Polyamide 4 with long-chain fatty acid groups – Suppressing the biodegradability of biodegradable polymers

(2014) Naoko Yamano et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Influence of thymol and silver nanoparticles on the degradation of poly(lactic acid) based nanocomposites: Thermal and morphological properties

(2014) Marina Ramos et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Reactive compatibilization of poly(l-lactide)/poly(butylene succinate) blends through polyester maleation: from materials to properties

(2014) Olivier Persenaire et al.   POLYMER INTERNATIONAL

Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice

(2014) Rachel W. Obbard et al.   Earths Future

Microplastic ingestion decreases energy reserves in marine worms

(2013) Stephanie L. Wright et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Microplastic Moves Pollutants and Additives to Worms, Reducing Functions Linked to Health and Biodiversity

(2013) Mark Anthony Browne et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Ternary PLA–PHB–Limonene blends intended for biodegradable food packaging applications

(2013) Marina P. Arrieta et al.   EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL

Biodegradation of poly(l-lactide) (PLA) exposed to UV irradiation by a mesophilic bacterium

(2013) Hyun Jeong Jeon et al.   INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Fibre Based PLA Composites: Mechanical Behaviour and Biodegradation

(2013) E. Fortunati et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Effect of ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-glycidylmethacrylate and cellulose microfibers on the thermal, rheological and biodegradation properties of poly(lactic acid) based systems

(2013) E. Fortunati et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Recent advances in high performance poly(lactide): from “green” plasticization to super-tough materials via (reactive) compounding

(2013) Georgio Kfoury et al.   Frontiers in Chemistry

Preparation of poly(l-lactide) blends and biodegradation by Lentzea waywayandensis

(2012) Nimisha R. Nair et al.   BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS

Assessment of the interrelation between photooxidation and biodegradation of selected polyesters after artificial weathering

(2012) Petr Stloukal et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery

(2012) Maria P. Casado et al.   ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Poly (Lactic Acid) Film in Anaerobic Sludge

(2012) Hisaaki Yagi et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Polylactide and their Derivatives: Kinetics, Crystallinity, and Surface Morphology

(2012) A. P. Bonartsev et al.   MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS

Kinetics of the hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid)

(2012) F. Codari et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Preparation, characterization, and biodegradability of renewable resource-based composites from recycled polylactide bioplastic and sisal fibers

(2011) Chin-San Wu   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Access to new carbohydrate-functionalized polylactides via organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization

(2011) Yong Miao et al.   POLYMER

An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research

(2010) K. Madhavan Nampoothiri et al.   BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY

Seawater ageing of flax/poly(lactic acid) biocomposites

(2009) A. Le Duigou et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Atmospheric and soil degradation of aliphatic–aromatic polyester films

(2009) Thitisilp Kijchavengkul et al.   POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY

Assessment of aliphatic–aromatic copolyester biodegradable mulch films. Part I: Field study

(2008) Thitisilp Kijchavengkul et al.   CHEMOSPHERE