Resveratrol attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by acute ammonia exposure in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio)

Ammonia is recognized as an environmental stressor for fish. As resveratrol (RES) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, we hypothesized that RES could attenuate the response to ammonia exposure in gibel carp. Therefore, gibel carp were fed a diet containing RES for eight weeks, followed by acute ammonia stimu-lation. Stress induced by acute ammonia exposure could be ameliorated by RES, manifested by down-regulated plasma glucose, and up-regulated C3 and IgM levels. Furthermore, decreased AST and LDH; enhanced T-AOC, SOD, and GPx in the liver; and reduced damage to gill and liver tissues indicated that RES attenuated oxidative and tissue damage induced by ammonia exposure. Moreover, RES activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and up -regulated the expression of several antioxidant genes. RES enhanced anti-inflammatory activity as reflected by activation of the NF-kappa B pathway, down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (nf kappa b, tnf-alpha, and il-1 beta), and up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (il-4 and il-10). In terms of mitochondrial function, RES up-regulated protein levels of p-AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1 alpha; inhibited mitochondrial fission; pro-moted mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis-related gene expression. Overall, the results suggest that RES mediated the Nrf2/HO-1, NF-kappa B, and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1 alpha pathways to attenuate oxidative stress, inflamma-tion, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ammonia in gibel carp.

Automated summary

Resveratrol can alleviate the stress response to ammonia exposure in gibel carp by reducing plasma glucose, up-regulating C3 and IgM levels, decreasing liver damage, activating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, and improving mitochondrial function.