Review
Materials Science, Ceramics
Sergio Obregon, Vicente Rodriguez-Gonzalez
Summary: The use of nanostructured coatings is crucial to maintain clean surfaces in public spaces, with TiO2 thin films and coatings offering outstanding properties such as chemical stability, reusability, hydrophilicity, and activation by sunlight. These coatings are suitable for commercial devices that keep public surfaces clean and can have environmental and energy applications in purification, gas sensing, production of renewable fuels, and antimicrobial features.
JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lu He, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Teresa I. I. Madeira
Summary: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films have photocatalytic properties and can be used for recycling and maintenance. Factors affecting their performance include nanocrystalline size, surface morphology, and phase composition, which need to be better studied and correlated.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Carlos E. Caballero-Guerecaa, M. R. Alfaro Cruza, E. Luevano-Hipolitoa, Leticia M. Torres-Martinez
Summary: Highly transparent ZnO films were successfully deposited on glass substrates using the sol-gel technique. The quality of the films was influenced by the concentration of zinc in the precursor solution and the annealing temperature. The films showed good crystallinity and preferential orientation, and exhibited high transmittance of over 90%.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. Perez-Gonzalez, S. A. Tomas
Summary: Photocatalytic Ag-loaded (TiO2)(0.95)-(ZnO)(0.05) thin films were successfully synthesized using the sol-gel dip-coating method, with the incorporation and surface diffusion of Ag confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the chemical composition and electronic structure of the samples, confirming the presence of TiO2 and ZnO. The best response in photocatalytic activity was observed in the (TiO2)(0.95)-(ZnO)(0.05) thin films doped with 2 mol% Ag.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
M. Chakraborty, E. S. Kadir, R. N. Gayen
Summary: By varying the graphene oxide (GO) content, the modification of UV photo-response characteristics in transparent titanium dioxide-graphene oxide (TiO2-GO) nanocomposite thin films was studied. The presence of GO improves the optical band gap of TiO2 without affecting its transparency. The fabricated metal-semiconductor (MS) Schottky junctions with TiO2-GO nanocomposite thin films show rectifying behavior and improved UV response characteristics.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Minsu Lee, Hohyeong Kim, Hyungsub Kim, Akash Katoch, Jae Young Park
Summary: This study investigated the effect of the mixing ratio of TiO2 nanoparticles (P25) and titanium alkoxide (T-sol) on various properties of TiO2 films. The specific surface area, microstructure, thickness, transmittance, pencil hardness, and oil contact angle of the films were analyzed. The results showed that the specific surface area increased as the P25 content increased, but this effect decreased as the ratio of T-sol to P25 increased. The thickness, surface roughness, transmittance, pencil hardness, and oil contact angle of the films were also affected by the P25 content, with increased thickness and surface roughness, decreased transmittance and pencil hardness, and decreased oil contact angle.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Meriem Boudiar, Faouzi Hanini, Abderrahmane Bouabellou, Yassine Bouachiba, Adel Taabouche, Driss Dergham, Chourouk Redjeb
Summary: Zn-doped TiO2 thin films with different weight percentages (0, 3, 7% wt.) were synthesized using the Sol-Gel method and deposited on glass substrates by the spin-coating process, followed by heat treatment at 500 ? for 90 min. The films were characterized using XRD, SEM, UV-vis transmittance spectroscopy, and m-lines spectroscopy. The results showed that increasing the zinc concentration inhibited crystal growth and led to significant microstructure changes in the TiO2 films. The films exhibited high transmittance and an optical band gap of approximately 3.6-3.51 eV. M-lines spectroscopy confirmed that the Zn: TiO2 planar waveguides supported single confined guided modes for both TE and TM polarizations. MLS measurements demonstrated that zinc doping increased the refractive index of the TiO2 thin films and enhanced their waveguiding properties, while reducing the birefringence with increasing concentrations up to 7 wt%.
JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maria Covei, Cristina Bogatu, Silvioara Gheorghita, Anca Duta, Hermine Stroescu, Madalina Nicolescu, Jose Maria Calderon-Moreno, Irina Atkinson, Veronica Bratan, Mariuca Gartner
Summary: Researchers have successfully prepared sol-gel titanium dioxide thin films on spherical beads, which have high surface area and easy recovery, and exhibit good photocatalytic activity.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Valentina Prusakova, Giovanni Giusti, Cristian Collini, Giancarlo Pepponi, Mario Barozzi, Leandro Lorenzelli, Salvatore Iannotta, Roberto Verucchi, Sandra Dire
Summary: This study investigates the resistive switching properties of metal oxide thin films and proposes an innovative approach to improve the fabrication of memristive devices. A comparison of TiO2 thin films produced by different methods demonstrates an enhancement of memristive properties and reduction of electrical shorts in TiO2 based devices.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
D. S. C. Halin, A. S. Z. Abidin, A. Azani, M. A. A. Mohd Salleh, K. A. Razak, M. M. A. B. Abdullah, M. M. Ramli, A. Sandu, P. Vizureanu, L. Kaczmarek, S. Garus, J. Garus
Summary: Titanium dioxide thin film is widely used in the semiconductor field. Adding zinc to the surface of TiO2 can improve surface wettability and enhance photocatalysis efficiency for solar cell applications. The sol-gel method is an economical and efficient technique used in this study. The results showed that dopant concentration and annealing temperature have an influence on the properties of TiO2.
ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Khedidja Chehhat, Abla Mecif, Abedel Hakim Mahdjoub, Roshan Nazir, Manzoor Ahmad Pandit, Faiza Salhi, Abdelouahab Noua
Summary: In this study, high-quality ZnO thin films with different loadings of cobalt (Co) were prepared on porous ceramics substrates using a sol-gel dip-coating scheme. The impact of cobalt on the crystal phase, surface morphology, optical and chemical properties of the films was investigated. The results showed that the addition of cobalt led to a decrease in grain size and a reduction in band gap values of the films, resulting in improved performance in the removal of Orange II dye under UV radiation.
JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
V Deepthi, Anju Sebastian, B. Vidhya
Summary: Sol-gel spin coating method was used to prepare ZnO and ZnO:GO composite films, and the effect of GO incorporation on film morphology and photocatalytic activity was investigated. The results showed that GO was evenly dispersed on the film surface, and the incorporation of GO improved the effectiveness of dye removal.
JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mouna Khiari, Michael Lejeune, Mickael Gilliot, Florica Lazar, Aomar Hadjadj
Summary: The original technique developed in this study enables the direct and efficient incorporation of silver metal nanoparticles into ZnO precursor solution, resulting in nanocomposite thin films with a large effective surface area for interaction with the external environment and a large surface area for metal-semiconductor interaction suitable for surface photocatalysis reactions. These nanocomposites exhibit improved photocatalytic performance, stability, and reusability, making them promising for water treatment applications.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zohra Nazir Kayani, Ifra Sheri, Salma Waseem, Saira Riaz, Shahzad Naseem
Summary: Ba-doped TiO2 thin films were fabricated using the sol-gel dip-coated method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the anatase phase. With the increase of Ba doping, the size of the crystallite decreased. The bandgap of pure TiO2 and Ba-doped TiO2 thin films was in the range of 3.15-2.94 eV, which is beneficial for enhancing solar cell efficiency and water treatment. Ba-doped TiO2 thin films exhibited low dielectric constant suitable for high-frequency devices and showed ferromagnetism. The antibacterial activity of Ba-doped TiO2 was higher than that of pure TiO2, making it suitable for application in nanomedicine.
MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Ugur Caligulu, Nida Darcan, Haluk Kejanli
Summary: This study investigated the impact of Calcium (Ca) and Manganese (Mn) dopants on the optical and surface properties of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial. The results showed that the doping ratio of Mn affected the morphological properties of TiO2 and increased the optical band gap of the samples. The produced samples have potential applications in transparent conductive electrode applications, optoelectronic devices, and sensor production.
ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL-JESTECH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Waqas Ahmad, Shanif Qaiser, Rahman Ullah, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Michael A. Karakassides, Constantinos E. Salmas, George Kenanakis, Rabia Ikram
Summary: The study successfully synthesized magnetic activated carbon (M-AC) for adsorption of Cr (VI) from wastewater, achieving a high adsorption capacity. The adsorption process was found to be thermodynamically feasible and followed pseudo second order kinetics.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Waqas Ahmad, Atiq Ur Rahman, Imtiaz Ahmad, Muhammad Yaseen, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Minas M. Stylianakis, George Kenanakis, Rabia Ikram
Summary: A new oxidative desulfurization catalyst using MnO2/MrGO composite showed efficient desulfurization activity, with up to 80% removal of DBT from modeled oil samples. The cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and easy-to-prepare approach demonstrated promising prospects for commercial desulfurization of fuel oils.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maria Sevastaki, Vassilis M. Papadakis, Cosmin Romanitan, Mirela Petruta Suchea, George Kenanakis
Summary: This study presents a novel approach for fabricating eco-friendly ZnO nanoparticles on 3D-printed PLA scaffolds and demonstrates their efficacy in degrading paracetamol in water. The use of traditional Greek liquors and Baker's ammonia enabled the successful synthesis of photocatalytic active ZnO nanostructures. These findings highlight the potential of low-cost, environmentally friendly methods for producing ZnO/PLA structures with high photocatalytic activity for environmental applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Christina Floraki, Antonis Sapountzis, Dimitra Vernardou
Summary: Lithium-ion batteries with composite electrodes based on graphene have advantages of low cost, high safety, and good performance. Chemical vapor deposition has been used to overcome electrode issues for large-scale deployment. This mini review summarizes the synthetic strategies of graphene-based composite electrodes and their potential applications.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rabia Ikram, Shamsul Azlin Ahmad Shamsuddin, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Muhammad Abdul Qadir, George Kenanakis, Minas M. Stylianakis, Spiros H. Anastasiadis
Summary: Stem cells have great potential in regenerative medicine, and graphene derivatives can be used as scaffolds to control their growth and differentiation. However, there are still challenges to be addressed in the application of graphene derivatives.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Klytaimnistra Katsara, Konstantina Psatha, George Kenanakis, Michalis Aivaliotis, Vassilis M. Papadakis
Summary: Raman spectroscopy is a precise analysis technique that can be used for non-destructive and label-free cell characterization. This study proposes a fast characterization and differentiation methodology of lymphoma cell subtypes based on Raman spectroscopy, which is fast, accurate, and requires minimal sample preparation.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Top Khac Le, Phuong Pham, Chung-Li Dong, Naoufal Bahlawane, Dimitra Vernardou, Issam Mjejri, Aline Rougier, Sok Won Kim
Summary: This review comprehensively analyzes the recent advances and applications of V2O5 as a smart multifunctional oxide for energy-saving and energy-storage. The unique electronic structure of V2O5 triggers peculiar smart optical properties and multi-color appearance. The review emphasizes the advantages, drawbacks, and potential applications of chromism in V2O5, and discusses strategies to enhance the coloration performances of V2O5 chromogenic devices. The challenges in commercializing V2O5-based applied research are also addressed.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2022)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Athanasia Kostopoulou, Dimitra Vernardou
Summary: Perovskite materials have attracted significant attention in the past decade due to their unique opto-electronic properties and nanostructures. The ability to tune their composition, shape, and functionalities and form efficient, low-cost, and light-active structures makes perovskite nanostructures promising for various applications, including photovoltaics and light-emitting devices.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ioan Valentin Tudose, Kyriakos Mouratis, Octavian Narcis Ionescu, Cosmin Romanitan, Cristina Pachiu, Marian Popescu, Volodymyr Khomenko, Oksana Butenko, Oksana Chernysh, George Kenanakis, Viacheslav Z. Barsukov, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Emmanouel Koudoumas
Summary: The development of eco-friendly conductive water-based paints for EMI-shielding applications was investigated in this study. Graphene nanoplatelets, polyaniline emeraldine doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) or HCl or HBr, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonic acid) were used as components in water-based paints. The optimized compositions resulted in uniform, homogeneous, and conductive layers with good electrical conductivity and efficient EMI-shielding performance.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mario Valvo, Christina Floraki, Elie Paillard, Kristina Edstrom, Dimitra Vernardou
Summary: The demand for large-scale and sustainable energy storage systems is increasing, leading to the emergence of potassium-ion batteries as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of anode materials for potassium-ion batteries still faces challenges. Iron oxides are promising anode materials due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and abundant reserves, but they also have limitations.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Andrianna Bouranta, Ioan Valentin Tudose, Luciana Georgescu, Anna Karaiskou, Nikolaos Rafail Vrithias, Zacharias Viskadourakis, George Kenanakis, Efsevia Sfakaki, Nikolaos Mitrizakis, George Strakantounas, Nikolaos Papandroulakis, Cosmin Romanitan, Cristina Pachiu, Oana Tutunaru, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Emmanouel Koudoumas
Summary: Current technology to prevent biofouling relies on toxic materials, which can harm marine ecosystems. Developing less toxic antifouling materials is a challenge. In this study, composite lattices with different metal oxide contents were developed using 3D printing. The antifouling behavior of these materials was examined using image analysis techniques.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Panagiotis M. Angelopoulos, Nikolaos Rafael Vrithias, Zacharias Viskadourakis, Petros Tsakiridis, Konstantinos C. Vasilopoulos, Antonis Peppas, Georgios Asimakopoulos, Anastasia Spyrou, Michael A. Karakassides, Maria Taxiarchou, George Kenanakis
Summary: The use of amorphous microspheres as filler in composites is promising due to their light weight, low cost, incombustibility, and the ability to alter relevant properties of the final composite. We report the use of perlite microspheres for the preparation of composites and composite filaments, as well as their use for sample printing. The produced composites were characterized and evaluated in terms of physical, thermal, and mechanical properties.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zacharias Viskadourakis, Konstantinos Grammatikakis, Klytaimnistra Katsara, Argyri Drymiskianaki, George Kenanakis
Summary: Energy self-sufficiency and optimal power management in buildings are becoming increasingly important. This study proposes a simple spray printing method to develop metasurfaces in construction materials, such as plasterboard and wood, for energy harvesting and efficient power management solutions.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Dimitra Vernardou
Summary: In this review, the hydrothermal growth method of lithium iron phosphate and its effect on the electrochemical performance of cathodes are discussed. The advantages of the hydrothermal process, as well as the ability to tune growth parameters and modify material characteristics, are highlighted. Recent strategies involving carbon-based materials, N-doped graphene oxide, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles are explored for improving cathode performance and stability. Future directions include simultaneous growth of solid-state electrodes and powders, as well as improving morphology and orientation for standardized growth of energy storage materials.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Iliana Dompara, Angeliki Maragkaki, Nikolaos Papastefanakis, Christina Floraki, Dimitra Vernardou, Thrassyvoulos Manios
Summary: One of the best methods for converting different types of biomass into clean energy is anaerobic digestion (AD), and inorganic additives, such as TiO2 and ZnO/Ag powders, have been found to improve its efficiency. This study focuses on the impact of these powders on AD and found that the addition of ZnO/Ag improved biogas yield by 12% and TiO2 by 44% compared to the control reactor. It also observed increased removal efficiency of volatile solids and total chemical oxygen demand.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qingyuan Zheng, Jack H. Williams, Scott Elgersma, Mick D. Mantle, Andrew J. Sederman, G. Leendert Bezemer, Constant M. Guedon, Lynn F. Gladden
Summary: In this study, a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor compatible with NMR/MRI was developed for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Multiple magnetic resonance techniques were applied to quantitatively characterize different product species within catalyst pellets, providing valuable information for catalyst and reactor optimization.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lisa Ramisch, Sebastian Pfaff, Sabrina M. Gericke, Edvin Lundgren, Johan Zetterberg
Summary: We present a combination of optical operando techniques that allow simultaneous measurement of adsorbed species on catalyst surfaces, monitoring of surface oxide formation, and imaging of the gas phase above the catalyst surface. The experimental setup was validated by studying CO oxidation on Pd(100) at different pressures, revealing the effects of pressure on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Marta Paniagua, Gabriel Morales, Juan A. Melero, Daniel Garcia-Salgado
Summary: The influence of common impurities in levulinic acid on the catalytic performance of different acid catalysts for bio-jet fuel production was studied. It was found that furfural had the greatest detrimental effect on catalyst performance, while propyl-sulfonic acid-modified SBA-15 and sulfonic acid resin Amberlyst-70 showed good regeneration ability.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jesus Tapiador, Pedro Leo, Guillermo Calleja, Gisela Orcajo
Summary: This study presents a new MOF material, Zn-URJC-13, with acid and basic sites, permanent porosity, and high affinity to CO2 molecules. The Zn-URJC-13 catalyst exhibits efficient performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions and can be reused multiple times.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dan Zhao, Vita A. Kondratenko, Dmitry E. Doronkin, Shanlei Han, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Uwe Rodemerck, David Linke, Evgenii V. Kondratenko
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of cheap and commercially available Zr or Ti-based supports and ZnO to serve as active and selective catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The catalytically active species formed in situ under PDH conditions consist of isolated ZnOx. ZnOx on the surface of LaZrOx shows the highest rate of propene formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hanbyeol Kim, Jung Rae Kim, Young-Kwon Park, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Jungho Jae
Summary: In this study, metal phosphates were used as catalysts for biomass conversion to produce sustainable aromatics through DielsAlder cycloaddition reactions. The effects of synthesis method, activation method, and P/Ti molar ratio on the structure and acid properties of titanium phosphate catalysts were systematically studied. The mesoporous titanium phosphate catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method at 180℃ for 12 h followed by ethanol refluxing at 60℃ for 24 h at a molar P/Ti ratio of 1 showed the highest surface area and acid site density.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yasin Khani, Sumin Pyo, Kwang-Eun Jeong, Chul-Ung Kim, Moonis Ali Khan, Byong-Hun Jeon, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Siyoung Q. Choi, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: A protonated form of Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (H-ZSM-5) catalyst was synthesized through a hydrothermal method using different sources of silica. The effect of loading the catalyst with yttrium, samarium, and gadolinium on the acidic properties was investigated. Among the metal-loaded catalysts, the Sm/LHZ catalyst showed the best performance in the methanol to propylene conversion due to its high amount of weak and intermediate acid sites, while the Gd-LHZ catalyst increased the selectivity towards ethane and propane.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Michael Franc, Ivana Cisarova, Jan Vesely
Summary: The present study investigates an enantioselective cyclization of enals with imidazolone derivatives catalyzed by a combination of achiral Pd(0) complex and chiral secondary amine. Corresponding spirocyclic imidazolones were produced in high yields with moderate diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. The developed co-operative catalytic methodology provides a highly substituted spirocyclic scaffold with four stereogenic centers under mild conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mauro Alvarez, Jennifer Cueto, David P. Serrano, Pablo Marin, Salvador Ordonez
Summary: This study focuses on improving the formulation and preparation methods of catalysts for the production of dimethyl carbonate. By using suitable catalyst preparation methods and copper salt precursors, the researchers successfully produced catalysts with optimal performance for dimethyl carbonate formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Claudia J. Keijzer, Luc C. J. Smulders, Dennie Wezendonk, Jan Willem de Rijk, Petra E. de Jongh
Summary: This study investigates the catalytic behavior of alpha-alumina supported silver catalysts in the presence of chloride. It is found that the particle size of silver can affect the selectivity of the catalyst, but different strategies lead to different results. In this size range, the selectivity of ethylene oxide is correlated to the Ag : Al2O3 surface ratio.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Takeshi Aihara, Wataru Aoki, Michikazu Hara, Keigo Kamata
Summary: The development of acid-base bifunctional catalysts is important for promoting specific chemical transformations. In this study, Ti-based perovskite oxides were synthesized and used as catalysts for two C-C bond-forming reactions (cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel condensation). The highly pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles with a high specific surface area exhibited the highest catalytic performance, and could be easily recovered and reused.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Olga Gorlova, Petra Pribylova, Eliska Vyskocilova, Katerina Peroutkova, Jan Kohout, Iva Paterova
Summary: This study investigates the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of beta-cyclocitral using tin-modified mixed oxides as catalysts. The optimal reaction conditions and the effects of various factors on the reaction course and selectivity were determined. The results show that tin-modified mixed oxides exhibit high activity and selectivity in the oxidation reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. I. Avila, M. M. Alonso-Doncel, L. Briones, G. Gomez-Pozuelo, J. M. Escola, D. P. Serrano, A. Peral, J. A. Botas
Summary: The catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin using ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts showed significant improvements in bio-oil quality and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Enrico Catizzone, Giorgia Ferrarelli, Paolo Bruno, Girolamo Giordano, Massimo Migliori
Summary: The acid-catalysed alcohol conversion reaction is a promising route for de-fossilization strategies. Research on pure alcohol conversion and simultaneous dehydration of mixed alcohols have shown different product compositions, with the type and distribution of acid sites affecting the reaction mechanism.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Alireza Ranjbari, Juho Kim, Jihee Yu, Jiyun Kim, Mireu Park, Nayoung Kim, Kristof Demeestere, Philippe M. Heynderickx
Summary: This study investigated a novel kinetic model for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using commercial ZnO and reduced ZnO photocatalysts. The results provided new insights into the interaction of catalysts with molecules of different charges and compared with a previous study on methylene blue. The presence of oxygen vacancies in ZnO and their effects on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were analyzed, and the photocatalytic degradation rate of reduced ZnO was found to increase significantly.
