Flood moderation: Declining, peak flows along some Rocky Mountain rivers and the underlying mechanism

It has been proposed that global warming will amplify the water cycle and intensify river floods. We tested this hypothesis by investigating historic trends in magnitudes, durations and timing of the annual peak flows of rivers that drain the Rocky Mountains around the North American hydrographic apex, the source for rivers flowing to the Pacific, Arctic (including Hudson Bay) and Atlantic Oceans. We sought century-long records and to reduce influences from land-use we assessed drainages from parks and protected areas. Of 30 rivers and reaches that were free-flowing or slightly regulated, seven displayed declining peak flows (7 p < 0.1, 4 p < 0.05), and one showed increase (p < 0.05); three of five moderately regulated rivers displayed decline (p < 0.05). Substantial floods, exceeding the 1-in-5 year recurrence (Q(5)), were more common in the early versus latter halves of the records for some Arctic drainages and were more common during the Pacific Decadal Oscillation negative phase for all regions. The timing of peak flows was relatively unchanged and Q(5) flood durations declined for a few rivers. These results indicate flood moderation rather than flood intensification, particularly for Arctic Ocean drainages. This could reflect regional hydrological consequences from climate change including: (1) declining overall annual river flows; (2) winter warming that would increase the rain versus snow proportion, thus reducing snow accumulation and melt; and (3) spring warming that advances snow melt, lengthening the melt interval before peak flows. These changes would shift the seasonality of river flows and reduce annual peaks. We might expect continuing moderation of peak flows but there will probably still be occasional major floods from exceptional rain events such as occurred in northern Montana in 1964 and in southern Alberta in 2013. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.