Nitrogenous compounds enhance the growth of petunia and reprogram biochemical changes against the adverse effect of salinity

This study aimed to determine ways to improve the growth and salt tolerance of petunia. Effects of polyamines (PAs; spermidine [Spd], spermine [Spm], and putrescine [Put]) and a nitric oxide (NO) donor (sodium nitroprusside [SNP]) were investigated. Initially, we screened petunia cultivars against sodium chloride (0-125 mM). The petunia cultivar Hurrah Red was identified as salt-sensitive cultivar in the basis of salt-effect on seed germination, fresh weight, and root length of seedlings. Treatment of Hurrah Red shoots with nitrogenous compounds improved the number, length, and fresh weight of roots, as well as the length and fresh weight of shoots over those of the control. Furthermore, plantlets rooted in an optimal concentration of Spd (34.5 mu M), Spm (24.8 mu M), Put (62.1 mu M), and SNP (3.9 mu M) were treated with 200 mM NaCl for 3 days to assess their tolerance level. Salt-affected plantlets showed higher level of lipid peroxidation, reduced catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments and polyphenol than those of the control. PAs and SNP treatments significantly elevated photosynthetic pigments, enhanced antioxidant enzymes, and decreased lipid peroxidation in salt-stressed plantlets. Moreover, the growth and salt-tolerance response of petunia was highest when plantlets were exposed to SNP, followed by levels on treatment with Put, Spm, and Spd. Thus, the findings of this study suggested that treatment with exogenous SNP, Put, Spm, and Spd could protect petunia plants against soil salinity and improve their commercial production.