Effect of variables on the thickness of an edible coating applied on frozen fish - Establishment of the concept of safe dipping time

Glazing is a technique used to retard fish deterioration during storage. This work focuses on the study of distinct variables (fish temperature, coating temperature, dipping time) that affect the thickness of edible coatings (water glazing and 1.5% chitosan) applied on frozen fish. Samples of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) at -15, -20, and -25 degrees C were either glazed with water at 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 degrees C or coated with 1.5% chitosan solution at 2.5, 5 or 8 degrees C, by dipping during 10-60 s. For both water and chitosan coatings, lowering the salmon and coating solution temperatures resulted in an increase of coating thickness. At the same conditions, higher thickness values were obtained when using chitosan (max. thickness of 1.41 +/- 0.05 mm) compared to water (max. thickness of 0.84 +/- 0.03 mm). Freezing temperature and crystallization heat were found to be lower for 1.5% chitosan solution than for water, thus favoring phase change. Salmon temperature profiles allowed determining, for different dipping conditions, whether the salmon temperature was within food safety standards to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The concept of safe dipping time is proposed to define how long a frozen product can be dipped into a solution without the temperature raising to a point where it can constitute a hazard. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.