Journal
NANO ENERGY
Volume 99, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107364
Keywords
Droplet nanogenerator; Liquid-solid interfacial charge transfer; Dynamic junctions; Tribovoltaics; Charge-discharge theory
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Funding
- Robert A. Welch Foundation [E-1728J.M.B, E-1320T.R.L]
- University of Houston
- National Science Foundation ( [CHE- 2109174]
- Innovation 2025 Major Special Program of Ningbo [2019B10097]
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Despite the accepted charge-discharge theory for AC generation from a moving droplet, this study shows that the theory cannot explain the reversal of current when water-metal interfaces switch from dynamic to static. A generalized theory is proposed that explains the photovoltaic-like effect for all dynamic junctions, leading to an understanding and design of efficient electricity generation based on interfacial charge transfer.
Despite the unsettled mechanism of electricity generation from the continuous flow of liquids on a surface, the charge-discharge theory has been widely accepted for alternating current (AC) generation from a moving droplet. It has been recently extended to rationalize direct current (DC) generation across a droplet moving between two different materials. By designing a reconfigurable contact between a metal wire and a water droplet moving on graphene, we show that the charge-discharge theory cannot explain the reversal of current when water-metal interfaces switch from dynamic to static. All experiments can be described after we distinguish a dynamic from a static interface and generalize the photovoltaic-like effect to all dynamic junctions: excited electrons and holes in a moving interface will be separated and swept under the built-in electrical field, leading to a DC response. This generalized theory will lead to an understanding and the design of efficient electricity generation based on interfacial charge transfer.
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