Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Emma K. Rautenberg, Yassin Hamzaoui, Dawn K. Coletta
Summary: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity present major challenges in public health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms contributing to these metabolic disorders, particularly insulin resistance, is crucial. Impaired mitochondria structure and function are common features in insulin-resistant individuals with T2D or obesity, potentially due to epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded genes. Investigating mitochondrial abnormalities is important for gaining insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Emanuel Fryk, Vagner R. R. Silva, Per-Anders Jansson
Summary: Galectin-1 plays a crucial role in obesity and insulin resistance, and may be associated with the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Yuan Wei, Chaoqun Liu, Fangfang Lai, Shan Dong, Haiyan Chen, Li Chen, Liping Shi, Fengfeng Zhu, Chuangbiao Zhang, Xiuxiu Lv, Shuang Peng, Guang Hao
Summary: The study found that individuals with lower serum total bilirubin levels had a significantly higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared to those with moderate or high levels. Additionally, it was discovered that body mass index (BMI) may moderate the association between bilirubin and type 2 diabetes, with a stronger effect observed in obese individuals. This study suggests that serum total bilirubin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and that this association may be influenced by obesity.
DIABETOLOGY & METABOLIC SYNDROME
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Allison M. Hodge, Md Nazmul Karim, James R. Hebert, Nitin Shivappa, Barbora de Courten
Summary: The study found that dietary inflammatory index and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 were positively associated with diabetes incidence, while Mediterranean Diet Score was not. Mediation analysis indicated that body size played a moderate to large mediating role in the association between AHEI and DII and incident diabetes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shaza B. Zaghlool, Anna Halama, Nisha Stephan, Valborg Gudmundsdottir, Vilmundur Gudnason, Lori L. Jennings, Manonanthini Thangam, Emma Ahlqvist, Rayaz A. Malik, Omar M. E. Albagha, Karsten Suhre, Abdul Badi Abou-Samra
Summary: This study translates T2D subtypes previously identified in European individuals to an Arab population and identifies specific metabolic and proteomic signatures for each subtype, providing further understanding of the pathogenesis of these subtypes.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Jaume Padilla, Camila Manrique-Acevedo, Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
Summary: Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, leading to blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation. Impaired vasodilation results in reduced glucose uptake and contributes to impaired glucose control in diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms of insulin resistance is crucial for the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Julia H. Goedecke, Amy E. Mendham
Summary: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest projected rates of increase in type 2 diabetes, with socioenvironmental and lifestyle factors possibly interacting with genetic factors to alter the pathophysiology. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in Black Africans is different from that in their European counterparts. However, current understanding of the disease is largely based on studies involving predominantly White European participants. This review summarizes existing knowledge and data on non-pharmacological interventions exploring the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa, while also highlighting factors that may influence its pathogenesis.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Nahla Hwalla, Zeinab Jaafar, Sally Sawaya
Summary: The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Middle Eastern and North African region is closely linked to the rapidly changing dietary habits as a result of economic prosperity, highlighting the significant role of dietary interventions and weight loss in diabetes prevention and management. This review aims to explore the mechanistic pathways linking obesity with diabetes and to summarize the most recent evidence on the association of different macronutrients and food groups with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Giovanni De Pergola, Fabio Castellana, Roberta Zupo, Sara De Nucci, Francesco Panza, Marco Castellana, Luisa Lampignano, Martina Di Chito, Vincenzo Triggiani, Rodolfo Sardone, Gianluigi Giannelli
Summary: Family history of type 2 diabetes (FHT2D) was found to be an independent determinant of NAFLD, regardless of age group, in overweight individuals. The presence of FHT2D led to a twofold higher probability of NAFLD, even after adjusting for major confounders.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jianpeng Li, Siqiang Jia, Chao Yuan, Bin Yu, Zheng Zhang, Meng Zhao, Pengfei Liu, Xia Li, Bo Cui
Summary: The study focused on the protective mechanism of Jerusalem artichoke inulin against abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota dysfunction in diabetic mice. It was found that consuming Jerusalem artichoke inulin significantly improved the biochemical and physiological parameters related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke inulin also improved abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and enriched certain beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota.
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Isao Usui
Summary: Hypertension and type 2 diabetes often occur together due to shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Both diseases are induced by factors such as obesity-induced hyperinsulinemia, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, chronic inflammation, and changes in adipokines. Vascular complications resulting from these diseases include endothelial dysfunction, peripheral vasodilation/constriction dysfunction, arteriosclerosis, and chronic kidney disease. Insulin resistance in the vasculature and increased fluid volume are major factors contributing to elevated blood pressure in obese and insulin-resistant patients, while peripheral vascular resistance plays a major role in hypertension in non-obese and/or insulin-deficient patients.
HYPERTENSION RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Angelica Artasensi, Angelica Mazzolari, Alessandro Pedretti, Giulio Vistoli, Laura Fumagalli
Summary: Obesity and T2DM are major public health concerns associated with adipose tissue dysfunction. This dysfunction leads to chronic inflammation, dysregulated glucose homeostasis, and impaired adipogenesis, which result in ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Weight loss of at least 15% is effective in ameliorating this dysfunctional state and improving glycemic control, reducing the likelihood of cardiometabolic disease and enhancing overall quality of life. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy, including bariatric surgery and various drugs, such as metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, amylin analogs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, have been shown to induce significant weight loss and improve glycemic control in obese individuals with T2DM.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zirui Huang, Yun Liu, Xiaoyan Liu, Kewen Chen, Wenyu Xiong, Yuyang Qiu, Xiaoyu He, Bin Liu, Feng Zeng
Summary: This study evaluated the effects of oral administration of a Sanghuangporus vaninii mixture (SVM) on type 2 diabetes mice. The results showed that SVM intervention could improve body weight, glucose/lipid metabolism, and levels of inflammatory factors in the pancreas and jejunum. Furthermore, SVM intervention altered the intestinal microbiota, regulated various metabolic pathways, and had significant correlations with glucose/lipid metabolism-related indicators. These findings suggest that SVM could potentially ameliorate type 2 diabetes and its complications by modulating the structure, abundance, and function of intestinal microbiota.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Tatjana Milenkovic, Nadica Bozhinovska, Djuro Macut, Jelica Bjekic-Macut, Dario Rahelic, Zelija Velija Asimi, Azra Burekovic
Summary: The Mediterranean diet has shown significant impact on the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in regions like the Balkan Peninsula and North Macedonia where there is a constant rise in diabetes cases. Due to economic constraints, there is a need for an affordable dietary pattern to help improve diabetes incidence.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Joseph A. M. J. L. Janssen
Summary: Hyperinsulinemia may be a significant factor in causing obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality. Strategies for managing hyperinsulinemia include reducing insulin secretion, increasing hepatic insulin clearance, and maximizing insulin sensitivity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)