Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Leon Chang, Lois Gardner, Carol House, Catherine Daly, Adrian Allsopp, Daniel Roiz de Sa, Marie-Anne Shaw, Philip M. Hopkins
Summary: This study investigated gene expression in male subjects with a history of exertional heat illness or susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia and found a common underlying pathophysiology between these two conditions. The study also showed that heat tolerance tests can elevate expression of inflammatory response genes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Physiology
Liliana I. Renteria, Xiangyu Zheng, Isela Valera, Daniel R. Machin, Lisa R. Leon, Orlando Laitano
Summary: Female mice have a higher exercise capacity in the heat compared to male mice, and this cannot be explained by differences in body mass, size, or testosterone levels. The influence of ovariectomy on exercise capacity in the heat, thermoregulation, intestinal damage, and heat shock response was investigated in a mouse model of exertional heat stroke (EHS). Ovariectomy resulted in a shorter exercise capacity, greater intestinal damage, and lower heat shock response following EHS.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Physiology
Julien D. Periard, David DeGroot, Ollie Jay
Summary: This article explores the epidemiology of exertional heat stroke (EHS) and the strategies and policies designed to reduce its occurrence in sport and military settings. EHS occurs along a continuum from muscle cramps to heat exhaustion to heat stroke and is associated with multiple factors such as environmental conditions, individual characteristics, health conditions, medication use, and behavioral responses. The prevalence of EHS in sport is unclear due to inconsistent terminology, while surveillance in the military is facilitated by standardized case definitions. To mitigate the risk, strategies such as heat acclimation, adequate hydration, cold-water immersion, and work-to-rest ratios can be implemented.
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Sport Sciences
Margaret C. Morrissey, Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller, Gabrielle E. W. Giersch, John F. Jardine, Douglas J. Casa
Summary: Aural thermometry is not suitable for accurately diagnosing EHS and should not be used as an alternative to rectal thermometry. Using aural thermometry to diagnose EHS can lead to catastrophic outcomes, such as long-term sequelae or fatality.
JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING
(2021)
Review
Sport Sciences
Orlando Laitano, Kentaro Oki, Lisa R. Leon
Summary: Skeletal muscles play a crucial role in exertional heat stroke, not only in relation to muscle damage but also in heat production, synthesis and secretion of bioactive molecules, and modulation of inflammatory status. This involvement can impact recovery and the potential for heat acclimation to prevent or aid in recovery from exertional heat stroke.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Andreas D. Flouris, Sean R. Notley, Rebecca L. Stearns, Douglas J. Casa, Glen P. Kenny
Summary: The recommended treatment for exertional heat stroke is immediate, whole-body immersion in water of <10°C until the rectal temperature reaches ≤ 38.6°C. Real-time T-re assessment may not always be possible in field settings or emergency situations. This study defines and validates immersion durations for treating exertional heat stroke at water temperatures of 2-26°C.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Physiology
Caroline S. Westwood, Joanne L. Fallowfield, Simon K. Delves, Michael Nunns, Henry B. Ogden, Joseph D. Layden
Summary: This review explores the direct association between 'known' risk factors and exertional heat illness (EHI), which continues to be a persistent problem for athletes and individuals.
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Sport Sciences
M. J. Buller, S. K. Delves, A. L. Fogarty, B. J. Veenstra
Summary: This paper discusses the current state of real-time physiological monitoring for exertional heat illness mitigation in the military context, focusing on how advanced sensor systems and algorithms are combined to provide solutions for reducing risks. It also explores the integration of physiological monitoring into military training, the importance of accurate information, and future directions towards individualized monitoring for performance enhancement.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Aaron R. Caldwell, Kentaro Oki, Shauna M. Ward, Jermaine A. Ward, Thomas A. Mayer, Mark L. Plamper, Michelle A. King, Lisa R. Leon
Summary: The study found that mice undergoing repeated exertional heat injuries within a week of an initial heat injury appear to have protective adaptations. During the second exertional heat injury, mice were able to run longer and sustain higher body temperatures before collapse. However, despite this increased resilience to heat, the mice undergoing a second exertional heat injury showed lower levels of corticosterone, FABP2, MIP-1b, MIP-2, and IP-10, indicating potential adaptive processes providing acute heat resilience to subsequent conditions.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Physiology
Gabrielle E. W. Giersch, Christian K. Garcia, Nina S. Stachenfeld, Nisha Charkoudian
Summary: This review focuses on whether there are sex differences in exertional heat stroke.
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Sport Sciences
Rebecca G. Breslow, Jamie E. Collins, Chris Troyanos, Mylan C. Cohen, Pierre D'hemecourt, K. Sophia Dyer, Aaron Baggish
Summary: This study found that younger and faster runners are at higher risk for exertional heat stroke (EHS) at the Boston Marathon. EHS encounters, although comprising a small percentage of race-day medical encounters, require extensive resources and warrant risk mitigation efforts.
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
(2021)
Article
Biophysics
Rashawn K. Merchant, Andrew Grundstein, Susan Yeargin, Dawn Emerson
Summary: In the USA, marching band artists experience exertional heat illnesses mainly in the form of heat syncope and heat exhaustion, particularly among high school bands. The majority of incidents occur in unusually hot weather conditions, highlighting the necessity for heat policies tailored to marching bands.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Physiology
Kate P. Hutchins, Geoffrey M. Minett, Ian B. Stewart
Summary: Whole-body cold water immersion is considered the gold standard treatment for exertional heat stroke, but the guidelines for treatment are being applied to women without validation. Recent evidence suggests that women cool faster than men during cold water immersion, raising concerns of overcooling if the present guidelines are followed.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jennifer J. Johnston, Robert T. Dirksen, Thierry Girard, Stephen G. Gonsalves, Philip M. Hopkins, Sheila Riazi, Louis A. Saddic, Nyamkhishig Sambuughin, Richa Saxena, Kathryn Stowell, James Weber, Henry Rosenberg, Leslie G. Biesecker
Summary: The study aimed to adapt ACMG/AMP criteria for classification of RYR1 variants related to MH, which resulted in successfully identifying 29 pathogenic variants, 13 likely pathogenic variants, and 2 variants of uncertain significance through testing on 84 variants and fine-tuning of the criteria. The application of quantitative evidence calibration and Bayesian framework in this study is transferrable to other variant curation expert panels for genomic testing result classification.
GENETICS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Jamal M. Alzahrani, Kevin O. Murray, Bryce J. Gambino, Christian K. Garcia, Laila H. Sheikh, Kevin J. Cusack, Orlando Laitano, Thomas L. Clanton
Summary: Exposure to a second EHS after 2 weeks leads to increased exercise times in the heat, symptom limitation at a lower T-c,T-max, and greater deficits in neuromotor and behavioral function during recovery.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Haowen Zhang, Peter Behroozi, Marta Volonteri, Joseph Silk, Xiaohui Fan, Philip F. Hopkins, Jinyi Yang, James Aird
Summary: Trinity is a flexible empirical model that can infer the statistical connection between dark matter haloes, galaxies, and supermassive black holes. It calculates the average SMBH mass, SMBH accretion rate, merger rate, and Eddington ratio distribution as functions of halo mass, galaxy stellar mass, and redshift.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yanlong Shi, Kyle Kremer, Michael Y. Grudic, Hannalore J. Gerling-Dunsmore, Philip F. Hopkins
Summary: By studying magnetized, star-forming dense gas complexes, we find that stellar feedback plays a key role in the growth of black holes. In lower-density cloud complexes, stellar feedback disrupts the clouds and limits black hole growth in the interstellar medium. However, in denser cloud complexes, stellar feedback generates strong shocks and dense clumps, allowing randomly initialized black hole seeds to encounter dense clumps and undergo super-Eddington accretion. This results in rapid black hole growth even for low-mass seeds.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
David Guszejnov, Aman N. Raju, Stella S. R. Offner, Michael Y. Grudic, Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere, Philip F. Hopkins, Anna L. Rosen
Summary: Most observed stars are part of multiple star systems, but there is still little understanding of how these systems form and the role of the environment and various physical processes. A suite of simulations from the STARFORGE project is presented, which includes various parameters such as surface density, magnetic fields, turbulence, metallicity, interstellar radiation, simulation geometry, and turbulent driving. The simulations reproduce the observed multiplicity fractions for Solar-type and higher mass stars, but underpredict these values after correcting for observational incompleteness. The simulations suggest that the lack of disc fragmentation may be the reason for the discrepancy.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Andrew Wetzel, Christopher C. Hayward, Robyn E. Sanderson, Xiangcheng Ma, Daniel Angles-Alcazar, Robert Feldmann, T. K. Chan, Kareem El-Badry, Coral Wheeler, Shea Garrison-Kimmel, Farnik Nikakhtar, Nondh Panithanpaisal, Arpit Arora, Alexander B. Gurvich, Jenna Samuel, Omid Sameie, Viraj Pandya, Zachary Hafen, Cameron Hummels, Sarah Loebman, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, James S. Bullock, Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere, Dusan Keres, Eliot Quataert, Philip F. Hopkins
Summary: We have released a public data set of cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation from the FIRE project. The simulations achieve high resolution and accurately model various phenomena such as stellar evolution and feedback. The data includes snapshots of different types of galaxies across different redshift ranges, as well as accompanying catalogs and python packages for analysis.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Philip F. Hopkins, Iryna S. Butsky, Suoqing Ji, Dusan Keres
Summary: Recent numerical studies suggest that cosmic rays (CRs) from supernovae (SNe) or active galactic nuclei (AGNs) may have a significant impact on galaxy formation by establishing a CR-pressure-dominated circumgalactic medium (CGM). However, explicit CR-magnetohydrodynamics (CR-MHD) simulations are computationally expensive and it is unclear whether these results apply to simulations without explicit treatment of magnetic fields or resolved interstellar medium phase structure. In this study, we propose a simplified 'sub-grid' model for CRs that captures the key qualitative behaviors of interest for simulations or semi-analytical models, while imposing minimal computational overhead.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sarah Wellons, Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere, Philip F. Hopkins, Eliot Quataert, Daniel Angles-Alcazar, Robert Feldmann, Christopher C. Hayward, Dusan Keres, Kung-Yi Su, Andrew Wetzel
Summary: This study investigates the effects of different physical models for supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on galaxy formation simulations. Cosmic rays accelerated by SMBHs play an important role in many models, but there are qualitative errors and the growth of BH mass is closely related to galaxy quenching.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Correction
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Haowen Zhang, Peter Behroozi, Marta Volonteri, Joseph Silk, Xiaohui Fan, Philip F. Hopkins, Jinyi Yang, James Aird
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Matthew E. Orr, Blakesley Burkhart, Andrew Wetzel, Philip F. Hopkins, Ivanna A. Escala, Allison L. Strom, Paul F. Goldsmith, Jorge L. Pineda, Christopher C. Hayward, Sarah R. Loebman
Summary: We studied the azimuthal variations in gas-phase metallicity profiles in Milky Way-mass disc galaxies using simulated data from the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulation suite. Our findings showed that the spiral arms exhibit a pattern of metal rich and metal poor regions, with variations of less than or similar to 0.1 dex. This pattern persists even with different strengths of metal mixing, suggesting that it emerges from physics above the sub-grid scale. Local enrichment does not seem to be the dominant source of these variations, as there is no correlation with local star formation. Instead, the arms act as freeways, channeling relatively metal poor gas inward and relatively enriched gas outward.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Omid Sameie, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Philip F. Hopkins, Andrew Wetzel, Xiangcheng Ma, James S. Bullock, Kareem El-Badry, Eliot Quataert, Jenna Samuel, Anna T. P. Schauer, Daniel R. Weisz
Summary: Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations were conducted to study the formation of proto-globular cluster candidates in progenitors of present-day dwarf galaxies. It was found that self-bound stellar clusters form in progenitors with a certain mass, triggered by the compressive effects of supernova feedback or cloud-cloud collisions. These clusters can survive for a few billion years, with the longest-lived ones forming at a significant distance from their host galaxies.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Iryna S. Butsky, Shreya Nakum, Sam B. Ponnada, Cameron B. Hummels, Suoqing Ji, Philip F. Hopkins
Summary: Recent theoretical studies suggest that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) surrounding low-redshift L galaxies may have significant non-thermal pressure support in the form of cosmic rays. However, the specific model of cosmic ray transport employed in these predictions lacks theoretical and observational constraints. This work proposes a new observational constraint for calculating the lower limit of the effective cosmic ray transport rate, demonstrating a relationship between the transport rate and observable galaxy properties. The findings suggest strong evidence for an effective transport rate in the diffuse CGM.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Fangzhou Jiang, Andrew Benson, Philip F. Hopkins, Oren Slone, Mariangela Lisanti, Manoj Kaplinghat, Annika H. G. Peter, Zhichao Carton Zeng, Xiaolong Du, Shengqi Yang, Xuejian Shen
Summary: We have developed a semi-analytic procedure that combines the isothermal Jeans model and the model of adiabatic halo contraction to compute the density profile of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) haloes influenced by the presence of galaxies. This model agrees well with cosmological SIDM simulations and provides insights into the diverse halo response to baryonic effects in SIDM.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Robert Feldmann, Eliot Quataert, Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere, Philip F. Hopkins, Onur Catmabacak, Dusan Keres, Luigi Bassini, Mauro Bernardini, James S. Bullock, Elia Cenci, Jindra Gensior, Lichen Liang, Jorge Moreno, Andrew Wetzel
Summary: We have introduced a suite of cosmological volume simulations to study galaxy evolution. The principal simulation, FIREbox, captures the multiphase nature of the interstellar medium in a fully cosmological setting and provides a representative sample of galaxies. By validating the simulation predictions against observational data, we find that the properties of simulated galaxies broadly agree with observations, but there are some discrepancies at late times. Despite this, FIREbox offers a baseline prediction of galaxy formation theory and highlights modeling challenges for future galaxy simulations.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Xuan Qin, Yong Wang, Kevin R. MacKenzie, John M. Hakenjos, Si Chen, Saleh M. Khalil, Sung Yun Jung, Damian W. Young, Lei Guo, Feng Li
Summary: Pexidartinib (PEX, TURALIO), a selective and potent inhibitor of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, has been approved for the treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumor. However, the mechanisms underlying PEX-related hepatotoxicity, particularly metabolism-related toxicity, remain unknown. This study investigated the metabolic activation of PEX and identified metabolites formed through the action of CYP3A enzymes, suggesting a need for further research on the association between these reactive metabolites and PEX hepatotoxicity.
CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jonathan Mercedes-Feliz, Daniel Angles-Alcazar, Christopher C. Hayward, Rachel K. Cochrane, Bryan A. Terrazas, Sarah Wellons, Alexander J. Richings, Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere, Jorge Moreno, Kung Yi Su, Philip F. Hopkins, Eliot Quataert, Dusan Keres
Summary: The feedback from supermassive black holes can have both positive and negative effects on star formation in galaxies. Strong quasar winds can drive the formation of a gas cavity and suppress star formation, but also lead to local positive feedback. The overall impact on global galaxy growth is minor.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jong Min Choi, Yongwei Piao, Kyong Hoon Ahn, Seok Kyun Kim, Jong Hoon Won, Jae Hong Lee, Ji Min Jang, In Chul Shin, Zhicheng Fu, Sung Yun Jung, Eui Man Jeong, Dae Kyong Kim
Summary: A mitochondrial Mg2+-independent sphingomyelinase (mt-iSMase) was identified and found to play a critical role in ceramide production for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. The purified enzyme shows novel characteristics and localizes in the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria.
MOLECULES AND CELLS
(2023)