In vivo solid phase microextraction for bioanalysis

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a rapid, well-established, and solvent-free sample preparation technique. It has usually been hyphenated with GC-MS or LC-MS/MS to separate and to detect enriched analytes. In recent years, ambient ionization techniques have been developed fast. This has allowed MS to be used for direct and straightforward SPME analysis of complex samples, dismissing the need for chromatographic separation. SPME sampling disturbs systems to a minimum-it removes (extracts) only small fractions of analytes. Therefore, in vivo analysis is a special application area where SPME is gaining ground. This review summarizes state-of-the-art in vivo SPME for bioanalysis (in human, rats, fishes, rhesus macaque, frog, and living cattle), including biocompatible SPME coatings, sampling approaches for in vivo SPME (skin, exhaled breath, saliva, blood, muscle, and brain sampling), analytical/detection systems, and calibration methods. This review also discusses in vivo SPME applications (pharmacokinetic studies, exposure, biomarkers, diagnosis, doping control, lipidomics, drug analysis, cosmetic dermatology, bioaccumulation, biomonitoring, environmental pollutants, and therapeutic drug monitoring) and future trends in in vivo SPME bioanalysis. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a rapid and solvent-free sample preparation technique, which has been widely used in combination with GC-MS or LC-MS/MS for separating and detecting analytes. In recent years, there have been advancements in using ambient ionization techniques for direct SPME analysis of complex samples, eliminating the need for chromatographic separation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of in vivo SPME for bioanalysis, including biocompatible coatings, sampling approaches, analytical systems, calibration methods, and various applications.