A Self-Reporting Fluorescent Salicylaldehyde-Chlorambucil Conjugate as a Type-II ICD Inducer for Cancer Vaccines

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can activate the anticancer immune response and is highly attractive to improve cancer treatment efficacy. ICD is closely related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and a series of ICD inducers has recently been reported based on ER-targeted photodynamic/photothermal agents or metal complexes. However, these ER-targeted ICD inducers suffer from complicated synthesis and heavy-metal cytotoxicity. Inspired by the promising clinical potential of small organic molecules, herein, an ER-targeted fluorescent self-reporting ICD inducer, SA-Cbl, is developed by simple conjugation of the chemotherapeutic drug chlorambucil (Cbl) with salicylaldehyde (SA). SA-Cbl can selectively accumulate in the ER to induce rapid ROS generation and an unfolded protein response process, which leads to a fast release of damage-associated molecular patterns and efficient dendritic cells maturation. Meanwhile, the ER-targeted accumulation and ER-stress-inducing process can be in situ monitored based on the turn-on fluorescence of SA-Cbl, which is highly pH- and polarity-sensitive and can selectively interact with ER proteins. Compared with the traditional chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, the superior anticancer immunity effect of SA-Cbl is verified via an in vivo tumor model. This study thus provides a new strategy for developing fluorescent self-reporting ICD inducers by decoration of chemotherapeutic drugs with pH and polarity-sensitive organic fluorophores.

Automated summary

A sensitive self-reporting immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is developed. The inducer can rapidly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and unfolded protein response process, leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and efficient dendritic cell maturation. The fluorescence signal of the inducer allows real-time monitoring of ER accumulation and stress induction.