High Mobility Group Box 1 Mediates Interferon--Induced Phenotypic Modulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The phenotypic modulation of VSMCs is a key cellular event driving neointimal formation and vascular remodeling. As a multifaceted cytokine of cell-mediated immunity, IFN- has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases. Although the important function of IFN- on regulating VSMC activation is well established, the molecular mechanisms by which elicits VSMC responses are poorly defined. Recent studies have identified HMGB1 as a principal effector to mediate IFN--dependent biological functions in multiple cell types. Moreover, SIRT1 has emerged as a critical regulator of cellular processes through deacetylating multiple substrates, including HMGB1. Thus, we examined the role of IFN- on HMGB1 release, SIRT1 expression, and VSMC phenotypic modulation as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. We show that IFN- dose-dependently induces HMGB1 cytoplasmic accumulation and its active release from VSMCs, resulting in enhanced HMGB1 in the medium. Conversely, IFN- treatment led to a dramatic decrease in SIRT1 expression. Additionally, pretreatment with resveratrol, a selective SIRT1 activator, abrogated IFN--induced HMGB1 translocation and its release. Moreover, IFN- stimulates VSMC phenotypic modulation to an activated synthetic state characterized by the repression of SMC differentiation markers such as SM22 and calponin and the increase in cell motility. In contrast, blocking HMGB1 release or activity by resveratrol and HMGB1-neutralizing antibody prevents IFN--induced phenotypic modulation of VSMCs. Overall, this study provides the first evidence showing that HMGB1 plays a critical role in regulating VSMC phenotypic modulation, suggesting that HMGB1 may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent vascular occlusive diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 518-529, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.