Journal
ENERGY REPORTS
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages 770-775Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.216
Keywords
Wind farm; Energy storage system; Electricity market; Deep RL; Soft actor-critic; Maximum entropy
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [U2166211, 52177103]
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This paper proposes a coordinated bidding/operation model for wind farms to improve their benefits in the electricity market. The maximum entropy based deep reinforcement learning algorithm is used to construct the model, and the learned strategy effectively enhances the wind farm benefits while ensuring robustness.
The wind power forecasting error restricts the benefit of the wind farm in the electricity market. Considering the cooperation of wind power bidding and energy storage system (ESS) operation with uncertainty, this paper proposes a coordinated bidding/operation model for the wind farm to improve its benefits in the electricity market. The maximum entropy based deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) is used to construct the model. The maximum entropy framework enables the designed agent to explore various optimal possibilities, which means the learned coordinated bidding/operation strategy is more stable considering the forecasting error. Particularly, penalty terms are introduced into the benefit function to relax the constraints and improve the convergency. The case study illustrates that the learned policy can effectively improve the wind farm benefit while ensuring robustness. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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