Journal
WATER
Volume 14, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/w14091396
Keywords
PVDF-HFP; membrane distillation; deep eutectic solvent; methyl orange; wastewater treatment; anti-biofouling
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This study investigates the use of hydrophobic carbon nanospheres and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) to enhance the hydrophobicity of membranes for treating water contaminated with methyl orange. The use of a deep eutectic solvent improves the porosity of the membranes. The membranes embedded with 5% carbon nanospheres show significant enhancement in water treatment performance, including high salt rejection and anti-biofouling properties.
Chemical pollutants, such as methyl orange (MO), constitute the main ingredients in the textile industry wastewater, and specifically, the dyeing process. The use of such chemicals leads to huge quantities of unfixed dyes to make their way to the water effluent and consequently escalates the water pollution problem. This work investigates the incorporation of hydrophobic carbon nanospheres (CNS) prepared from the pyrolysis of acetylene using the chemical vapor deposition technique with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) in order to enhance its hydrophobicity. Moreover, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used to enhance the membrane's porosity. The former was based on the quaternary ammonium salt (N,N-diethyl-ethanol-ammonium chloride) as a chemical addition throughout the membrane synthesis. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was employed to assess the performance of the modified membrane for treatment of MO contaminated water. The phase inversion method was used to embed various contents of CNS (i.e., 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt.%) with 22:78 wt.% of PVDF-co-HFP/N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution to prepare flat-sheet membranes. The membrane embedded with 5 wt.% CNS resulted in an increase in membrane hydrophobicity and presented considerable enhancement in DCMD permeation from 12 to 35 L/h.m(2) with salt rejection >99.9%. Moreover, the composite membrane showed excellent anti-biofouling and mechanical characteristics as compared to the pristine counterpart. Using this membrane, a complete rejection of MO was achieved due to the synergistic contribution of the dye negative charge and the size exclusion effect.
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