Journal
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 14, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.872134
Keywords
peripheral immune system; central nervous system; neurodegenerative diseases; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
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For a long time, it has been believed that the blood-brain barrier provides an immune protected environment in the central nervous system. However, recent research has shown that the peripheral immune system plays a crucial role in regulating the CNS and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the emerging role of the immune systems in neurodegenerative diseases and their interactions.
For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides an immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral immune cells and humoral immune factors. This view has been revised in recent years, with increasing evidence revealing that the peripheral immune system plays a critical role in regulating CNS homeostasis and disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and the loss of neurons in the CNS. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of the connection between the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, peripherally released cytokines can cross the BBB, cause direct neurotoxicity and contribute to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. On the other hand, peripheral immune cells can also infiltrate the brain and participate in the progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases have a high morbidity and disability rate, yet there are no effective therapies to stop or reverse their progression. In recent years, neuroinflammation has received much attention as a therapeutic target for many neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of the peripheral and central immune systems in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their interactions. A better understanding of the emerging role of the immune systems may improve therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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