Maximizing the Proppant Carrying and Viscoelastic Properties of the Bakken Hypersaline-Produced Water with High-Viscosity Friction Reducers for Sustainable Applications

Summary: The study on using produced water from the Bakken Formation as a replacement base fluid for hydraulic fracturing is significant. Experimental investigations found that the treated water can remain stable and reduce environmental impacts and operational costs.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of friction reducers on hydraulic pressure and coal particle discharge in underground coal mines. A coupled flow model of coal particles and hydraulic fluid was proposed, considering the interactions between the two phases and characteristics of the coal particles. The model was implemented and solved using the finite element method approach, and the results showed that the viscosity of the hydraulic fluid is a critical factor for maximum friction reduction efficiency and enhanced coal particle discharge capacity. The findings provide constructive suggestions for underground hydraulic fracturing and cutting applications.