Periodontal connection with intestinal inflammation: Microbiological and immunological mechanisms

Humans have coevolved with the trillions of resident microbes that populate every nook and cranny of the body. At each site, the resident microbiota creates a unique ecosystem specialized to its environment, benefiting the development and maintenance of human physiology through harmonious symbiotic relationships with the host. However, when the resident microbiota is perturbed, significant complications may arise with disastrous consequences that affect the local and distant ecosystems. In this context, periodontal disease results in inflammation beyond the oral cavity, such as in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence indicates that potentially harmful oral resident bacteria (referred to as pathobionts) and pathogenic immune cells in the oral mucosa can migrate to the lower gastrointestinal tract and contribute to intestinal inflammation. We will review the most recent advances concerning the periodontal connection with intestinal inflammation from microbiological and immunological perspectives. Potential therapeutic approaches that target the connection between the mouth and the gut to treat gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, will be examined. Deciphering the complex interplay between microbes and immunity along the mouth-gut axis will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of both oral and gut pathologies and present therapeutic opportunities.

Automated summary

Human beings have evolved together with trillions of resident microbes that inhabit every part of the body, forming a symbiotic relationship that benefits human physiology. However, disturbances in the resident microbiota can have serious consequences, affecting both local and distant ecosystems. This article examines the connection between periodontal disease and intestinal inflammation from microbiological and immunological perspectives. It also explores potential therapeutic approaches to treat gastrointestinal diseases by targeting the connection between the mouth and the gut. Understanding the complex interplay between microbes and immunity along the mouth-gut axis can provide insights into the pathogenesis of oral and gut pathologies and offer potential therapeutic opportunities.