Association of β-Amyloid and Vascular Risk on Longitudinal Patterns of Brain Atrophy

Background and objectives Vascular risk factors and elevated beta-amyloid (A beta) are commonly observed together among older adults. Here, we examined the interactive vs independent effects of systemic vascular risk and A beta burden on longitudinal gray matter atrophy and how their co-occurrence may be related to cognitive decline in a cohort of clinically normal adults. A secondary goal was to examine whether vascular risk influences gray matter atrophy independently from markers of white matter injury. Methods Participants were 196 adults (age 73.8 +/- 6.1 years) from the Harvard Aging Brain Study. Baseline A beta burden was quantified with Pittsburgh compound B PET. Baseline vascular risk was measured with the Framingham Heart Study cardiovascular disease risk score. Brain atrophy was quantified longitudinally with structural MRI over a median of 4.50 (+/- 1.26) years. Cognition was assessed yearly with the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite over a median of 6.25 (+/- 1.40) years. Linear mixed-effects models examined vascular risk and A beta burden as interactive vs independent predictors of gray matter atrophy, with adjustment for age, sex, years of education, APOE epsilon 4 status, intracranial volume (when appropriate), and their interactions with time. In subsequent models, we adjusted for markers of white matter injury to determine whether vascular risk accelerated brain atrophy independently from diffusion- and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-based markers. Mediation analyses examined whether brain atrophy mediated the interactive association of vascular risk and A beta burden on cognitive decline. Results Higher vascular risk and elevated A beta burden interacted to predict more severe atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes, thalamus, and striatum. Higher A beta burden, but not vascular risk, was associated with more severe atrophy in parietal and occipital lobes, as well as the hippocampus. Adjusting for diffusion- and FLAIR-based markers of white matter injury had little impact on the above associations. Gray matter atrophy mediated the association between vascular risk and cognitive decline at higher levels of A beta burden. Discussion We observed an interaction between elevated vascular risk and higher A beta burden with longitudinal brain atrophy, which in turn influenced cognitive decline. These results support vascular risk factor management as a potential intervention to slow neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer disease.

Automated summary

This study examines the interaction between vascular risk factors and beta-amyloid burden on gray matter atrophy and cognitive decline in older adults. The results suggest that managing vascular risk factors may be an intervention to slow neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.