4.5 Article

Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanodrug for Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy via Triggering Waterfall-Like Cascade Ferroptosis

Journal

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 327-342

Publisher

AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3250

Keywords

Renal Cell Carcinoma; Ferroptosis; Metal Organic Frameworks; Lipid Peroxides; Tumor Microenvironment

Funding

  1. National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFA0205200]
  2. Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [2020A1515011101, 2021A1515011703, 2021A1515010697]
  3. Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China [LC2017038]
  4. National Natural Science Foundation of China [61805049]
  5. Open Fund of MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science
  6. Institute of Laser Life Science

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This study explores the use of iron-based metal-organic framework nanoparticles to deliver RSL3 to ccRCC tumors, causing ferroptosis and leading to a significant antitumor effect. This targeted approach shows promise for systemic therapy of ccRCC with high efficacy and minimal side effects.
The most common type of kidney tumor, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with relatively insidious development and easily metastatic characteristics is generally insensitive to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in advanced ccRCC allows it to be intrinsically vulnerable to ferroptosis-based therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, the strategy to cause the iron overload by administration with iron-based nanomaterials has limited therapeutic efficacy. And the classic ferroptosis agonist (RSL3) with low specificity for tumors, short half-life in the blood, poor water solubility and deficient accumulation at the tumor site prevents its reliable application in vivo. In this study, iron-based metal-organic framework nanoparticles (MIL-101(Fe) NPs) delivered RSL3 to ccRCC tumors, and then released the iron ions and RSL3 accompanied by the degradation of MIL-101(Fe) NPs in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The MIL-101(Fe)@RSL3 as a pH-responsive nanodrug causes cellular iron overload and promotes the hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) generation by Fenton reaction to attack PUFAs, leading to the aberrant accumulation of lipid peroxides (L-OOH). Additionally, RSL3 directly inhibits glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) to detoxify L-OOH, and ferrous ions further catalyze the irreversible conversion of highly reactive lipid alkoxyl radicals (L-O center dot) from L-OOH to triggering waterfall-like cascade ferroptosis. In contrast to the limited antitumor efficiency of free RSL3, MIL-101(Fe)@RSL3 with high encapsulation efficiency (88.7%) shows a significant ccRCC-specific antitumor effect and negligible side effects. Taken together, MIL-101(Fe)@RSL3 could aggravate ferroptosis and be expected to be a promising nanodrug for ccRCC systemic therapy due to the targeted delivery and responsive release of RSL3 and iron ions.

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