Pathways of lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction for biofuel and value-added products production

As the world attempts to transition from fossil fuels, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) serves as a promising alter-native due to its high abundance. Hydrolysing LCB can generate various bioproducts, such as biofuels and value-added chemicals. However, the presence of lignin inhibits the solubilization of LCBs, presenting a major techno-economic challenge in the biorefinery concept. Therefore, this paper addresses the gaps left by most of the recent review works that fail to comprehensively review different pretreatment methods and the full scope of appli-cations of LCBs, and do not incorporate techno-economic considerations of the technologies, the latter being the greatest bottleneck in the commercialization of the processes. The literature review revealed that while many of the physical and chemical pretreatment methods exhibit great effectiveness, they have a huge dependence on energy, chemicals, water, and/or specialized equipment, and produce harmful waste and inhibitory compounds. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass can account for 40% of total production costs. Biological pretreat-ment can address these challenges but is limited by long incubation times. For instance, the bacterial pretreat-ment can noticeably reduce sawdust cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin contents by 35.8%, 37.1%, and 46.2%, respectively. Recently, integrated/coupling (hybrid) methods, such as chemical-assisted liquid hot water/steam and microwave or ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment, have been gaining popularity due to their potential to improve chemical yield, but at the expense of the high cost of operation. To make pretreatment processes more techno-economically feasible, there is a need for process integration and the standardization and optimization of process parameters.

Automated summary

This paper addresses the gaps in the existing literature review works by comprehensively evaluating different pretreatment methods and applications of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) and incorporating techno-economic considerations. The review finds that physical and chemical pretreatment methods, although effective, are highly dependent on energy and chemicals, producing waste and inhibitory compounds. Biological pretreatment can address these challenges but has longer incubation times. Integrated/coupling methods have gained popularity for improving chemical yield but come at a high cost of operation. Process integration and optimization are needed to make pretreatment processes more techno-economically feasible.