Journal
FUEL
Volume 315, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122947
Keywords
CO2 thickening; Chemical classification; Gas solubility-viscosity relationship; EOR and fracturing; Molecular dynamics simulation
Categories
Funding
- Saudi Aramco [OSR: 44436]
- Department of Science & Technology, SERB, India [CRG/2020/000828]
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This article reviews the technical advances, challenges, and applicability of CO2 thickeners, particularly for hydrocarbon recovery. Different types of thickeners, including binary co-polymers and small molecule compounds, have been investigated and show promise for CO2 thickening.
The relatively low density and viscosity of carbon dioxide (CO2) in supercritical state create several drawbacks, including gravity override, viscous fingering, water production/treatment problems, and poor proppant trans-port for the petroleum industry. The introduction of CO2 thickeners offers a promising additive technology with sufficient solubility and viscosity enhancement attributes. The current article reviews the technical advances, challenges, and applicability of thickened CO2, particularly for hydrocarbon recovery. Different types of thick-eners, including polymers, tailor-made surfactants, and small associating compounds, were investigated in terms of their nature, physicochemical traits, cost, and applications. The molecular weight and concentration, shear rate, co-solvent composition, temperature, and pressure play a significant role in the intermolecular forces and miscibility effect of thickeners in the presence of dense CO2. Binary co-polymers (non-fluorinated non-siloxane materials) and small molecule (associating) compounds are promising options for CO2 thickening owing to their enhanced performance, cost-effectiveness, and low ecological footprint. This study provides a comprehensive review of existing technologies, outline the gaps, potential, and required area for improvement.
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