Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Jinpeng Yuan, Wenguang Yang, Mingyong Jing, Hao Zhang, Yuechun Jiao, Weibin Li, Linjie Zhang, Liantuan Xiao, Suotang Jia
Summary: This paper reviews the quantum sensing of microwave electric fields using Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms, with their exaggerated response and diverse energy levels, have been widely used for ultrasensitive, wide broadband, traceable, and stealthy microwave electric field sensing. The paper provides an overview of the development in this research direction and introduces new methods and systems to enhance the performance of microwave electric field sensing.
REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Aida Javadian-Saraf, Ehsan Hosseini, Benjamin Daniel Wiltshire, Mohammad H. Zarifi, Mohammad Arjmand
Summary: This study developed a microwave-based SRR sensor for detecting ammonia gas with enhanced sensitivity by combining GO with PANI. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability, making it suitable for monitoring the concentration of ammonia gas in various applications.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Mohammad Abdolrazzaghi, Nir Katchinskiy, Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi, Peter E. Light, Mojgan Daneshmand
Summary: The study demonstrates the use of microwave sensors for monitoring glucose concentration in serum with high sensitivity and resolution, capable of detecting lower concentrations of glucose. This technique could be valuable for developing noninvasive glucose sensors for real-time monitoring in biomedical applications.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Mohammad-Reza Nickpay, Mohammad Danaie, Ali Shahzadi
Summary: A triple-band tunable graphene-based metamaterial perfect absorber is proposed for THz biomedical sensing. The design includes a graphene ring and four circular split-ring resonators with 90-degree rotations to achieve polarization insensitivity. Simulation results show that the absorber has absorption efficiencies above 99.2% and tunable sensing features. The resonance frequencies can be modified by changing the chemical potential of the graphene layer, allowing for improved absorber performance.
OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Martin Lanthaler, Clemens Dlaska, Kilian Ender, Wolfgang Lechner
Summary: We propose a scalable architecture to solve higher-order constrained binary optimization (HCBO) problems on current neutral-atom hardware using the Rydberg blockade regime. We formulate the parity encoding of arbitrary connected HCBO problems as a maximum-weight independent set (MWIS) problem on disk graphs, which can be directly encoded on the hardware. Our architecture is built from small MWIS modules in a problem-independent way, ensuring practical scalability.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Arezoo Hosseini, Omid Niksan, Kasra Khorsand Kazemi, Mandeep Chhajer Jain, Kishor Kumar Adhikari, Mohammad Hossein Zarifi
Summary: This study presents an alternative approach to reduce the near-field coupling of SRRs by positioning them in the Fresnel zone of two antennas, leading to improved sensitivity and resolution of the sensing platform.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Anh Igarashi, Maho Abe, Shigeki Kuroiwa, Keishi Ohashi, Hirohito Yamada
Summary: In this study, we demonstrate an S-shaped double-spiral microresonator (DSR) for the detection of small volumes of analytes in microfluidic channels. The DSR has higher sensitivity and a smaller footprint compared to traditional microring resonators, making it more suitable for refractive index sensing.
Article
Physics, Applied
Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Amy K. Robinson, Samuel Berweger, Matthew T. Simons, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: This study demonstrates improved sensitivity of Rydberg electrometry based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with a ground state repumping laser, which enhances the interaction strength without additional Doppler or power broadening. The nearly doubled EIT amplitude without increased peak width is achieved through this method, showing that similar amplitude increase without repumping field is not possible through simple optimization. The study also identifies photon shot noise of the probe laser as a key limit to detection sensitivity, and shows a nearly 2x improvement in sensitivity with the presence of the repump field.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Gameel Saleh, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, Ibraheem Al-Naib
Summary: This study developed a biosensor specifically designed for sensing glucose levels in 1 μL of solution, demonstrating excellent prediction accuracy and sensitivity.
Article
Physics, Applied
Samuel Berweger, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Andrew P. Rotunno, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Joseph D. Christesen, Kaitlin R. Moore, Matthew T. Simons, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: In this study, we demonstrate that closed-loop quantum interferometric schemes can replace the need for a local oscillator in Rydberg field sensing. The interferometrically defined internal reference provides similar functionality to a traditional LO, including full phase resolution and improved sensitivity. This approach has broad applicability and is confirmed by demodulating four-phase-state signals.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Qiang Liu, Xiao Liang, Tingting Li, Weian Chao, Weizhi Qi, Tian Jin, Yubin Gong, Huabei Jiang, Lei Xi
Summary: Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) using low-energy and long-wavelength microwave photons has great potential in detecting deep-seated diseases by visualizing tissue's electric properties. However, the low contrast in conductivity between a target and the surroundings limits its sensitivity and hinders biomedical applications. To overcome this, a split ring resonator (SRR) topology based MTAI (SRR-MTAI) approach is developed, showing ultrahigh sensitivity in distinguishing saline concentrations and detecting tissue targets. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate significant enhancement in imaging sensitivity, suggesting the potential of SRR-MTAI to tackle previously impossible biomedical problems.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Eduardo Jarauta, Francisco Falcone
Summary: This paper presents a new analytic design for multilayer stripline devices in planar circuit technology, using Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR) as sub-wavelength resonant particles. The solution is expanded to design various devices, such as multiplexers, resonators, and multi-frequency resonators, leading to vertical filters.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kun Ren, Pengwen Zhu, Taotao Sun, Junchao Wang, Dawei Wang, Jun Liu, Wensheng Zhao
Summary: This paper proposes a two-dimensional displacement sensor based on the diagonal symmetry complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) structure. The CSRR structure is used to detect the displacement of the mover by varying the resonant frequency. The shape of the sensor is further optimized using the particle swarm algorithm to reduce the error caused by lateral displacement. The experimental results show that the sensor has high sensitivity.
Article
Optics
Y. U. A. N. S. H. E. N. G. Shi, K. A. N. G. Ouyang, W. U. Ren, W. E. I. M. I. N. G. LI, M. E. N. G. Cao, Z. H. E. N. G. H. U. Xue, M. E. N. G. Shi
Summary: Current near-field antenna measurement methods based on metal probes have limitations in accuracy and optimization due to their drawbacks such as large volume, metal reflection/interference, and complex circuit signal processing. This study proposes a novel method using Rydberg atoms in near-field antenna measurement, which offers higher accuracy due to their traceability to electric field. The method replaces the metal probe with Rydberg atoms contained in a vapor cell, achieving accurate amplitude and phase measurements of a 2.389 GHz signal.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Fabian Vazquez, Alejandro Villareal, Alfredo Rodriguez, Rodrigo Martin, Sergio Solis-Najera, Oscar Rene Marrufo Melendez
Summary: The article introduces the development of an electric field sensor for ISM band applications by modifying the SRR. Experimental results show that the sensor can measure different power values at various distances and has a high sensitivity. When measuring specific absorption rate, the power ranges without and with a phantom are in accordance with RF dosimetry values.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nikita Nefedkin, Ahmed Mekawy, Jonas Krakofsky, Yongrui Wang, Alexey Belyanin, Mikhail Belkin, Andrea Alu
Summary: Engineered intersubband transitions in multi-quantum well semiconductor heterostructures exhibit high second-order nonlinear susceptibilities in metasurfaces. By optimizing the design, the saturation limits in mid-infrared frequency upconversion in nonlinear metasurfaces are significantly extended. This has important implications for night-vision imaging and compact nonlinear wave mixing systems.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Julian Klein, Zhigang Song, Benjamin Pingault, Florian Dirnberger, Hang Chi, Jonathan B. Curtis, Rami Dana, Rezlind Bushati, Jiamin Quan, Lukas Dekanovsky, Zdenek Sofer, Andrea Alu, Vinod M. Menon, Jagadeesh S. Moodera, Marko Loncar, Prineha Narang, Frances M. Ross
Summary: Atomic-level defects in van der Waals (vdW) materials are essential for quantum technologies and sensing applications. The magnetic semiconductor CrSBr, with a direct gap and rich magnetic phase diagram, exhibits optically active defects that are correlated with the magnetic environment. The narrow defect emission in CrSBr is related to both the bulk magnetic order and an additional defect-induced magnetic order. This study establishes vdW magnets like CrSBr as an exceptional platform for studying defects and creating tailor-made magnetic textures with optical access.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
David A. A. Katzmarek, Yang Yang, Mohammad B. B. Ghasemian, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Richard W. W. Ziolkowski, Francesca Iacopi
Summary: The properties of epitaxial graphene for radio frequency (RF) applications are investigated. Metal coplanar waveguides (CPWs) are fabricated to evaluate the frequency-dependent behavior of the graphene's sheet resistance. The quality of the metal contact with graphene and the influence of small-scale discontinuities are important factors in the RF spectrum.
IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Wei Lin, Richard W. Ziolkowski
Summary: This paper presents an A-band Huygens antenna array with high aperture efficiency and low sidelobe levels, suitable for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The array consists of innovative Huygens subarrays formed by open rectangular waveguides. The full broadside-radiating array achieves an aperture efficiency up to 97.5% and sidelobe and backlobe levels less than -20 dB, with an impedance bandwidth of 26.7-29.65 GHz and a peak realized aperture efficiency of 82%. A prototype of the array was fabricated and tested, showing good agreement with simulation results.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Guangwei Hu, Weiliang Ma, Debo Hu, Jing Wu, Chunqi Zheng, Kaipeng Liu, Xudong Zhang, Xiang Ni, Jianing Chen, Xinliang Zhang, Qing Dai, Joshua D. Caldwell, Alexander Paarmann, Andrea Alu, Peining Li, Cheng-Wei Qiu
Summary: Various optical crystals with opposite permittivity components have been observed and characterized in the mid-infrared regime. These crystals possess hyperbolic polaritons with large-momenta optical modes and wave confinement, making them promising for nanophotonic on-chip technologies. Monoclinic CdWO4 crystals are shown to exhibit symmetry-broken hyperbolic phonon polaritons and offer new opportunities for polaritonic phenomena.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Andrea Cordaro, Brian Edwards, Vahid Nikkhah, Andrea Alu, Nader Engheta, Albert Polman
Summary: As traditional microelectronic technology reaches its limits in speed and power consumption, there is a strong demand for novel computing strategies. Analogue optical computing has the advantage of processing large amounts of data at high speeds with negligible energy costs. Researchers have recently explored ultrathin optical metasurfaces for real-time image processing, particularly for edge detection. By incorporating feedback, they have also demonstrated that metamaterials can be used to solve complex mathematical problems, although this has been limited to guided-wave systems and large setups. This study presents an ultrathin Si metasurface-based platform for analogue computing, capable of solving Fredholm integral equations of the second kind using free-space visible radiation. The device combines an inverse-designed Si-based metagrating with a semitransparent mirror to perform the required Neumann series and solve the equation in the analogue domain at the speed of light. The use of visible wavelength operation enables a compact, ultrathin device that can be integrated on a chip and has high processing speeds.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Qingli Lin, Ming-Chun Tang, Mei Li, Richard W. Ziolkowski
Summary: This article reports the design of a wideband, circularly polarized electrically small antenna with two axial ratio poles. The design includes a specially engineered driven dipole, a resonant parasitic crossed Egyptian axe dipole, and an inductive grid-array metasurface. The measured results agree well with simulated ones, achieving a wide axial ratio bandwidth by pressing the two poles close together.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Samuel Berweger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Andrew P. Rotunno, Roger Brown, Christopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons, Eric Imhof, Steven R. Jefferts, Baran N. Kayim, Michael A. Viray, Robert Wyllie, Brian C. Sawyer, Thad G. Walker
Summary: On-resonance Rydberg atom-based rf electric-field sensing methods can only detect narrow frequency bands. By adding an rf tuner field, the target Rydberg state can be dressed or shifted to achieve a detuned signal field, which greatly extends the frequency range available for resonant sensing.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Richard W. Ziolkowski
Summary: There is a demand for highly directive antenna systems for space-limited Internet-of-Things devices and NextG applications. Compact high-frequency high-directivity alternatives to phased arrays are desired. This study presents the simulated performance characteristics of compact unidirectional mixed-multipole antennas (UMMAs) based on dipole and quadrupole mixtures, showing their high directivities and attractive radiation efficiencies.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Andrew P. Rotunno, Christopher L. Holloway, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Roger Brown, Matthew Simons, Amy K. Robinson, Baran N. Kayim, Michael A. Viray, Jasmine F. Jones, Brian C. Sawyer, Robert Wyllie, Thad Walker, Richard W. Ziolkowski, Steven R. Jefferts, Steven Geibel, Jonathan Wheeler, Eric Imhof
Summary: This study investigates the effects of non-uniform radio-frequency electric field amplitudes on the line shapes of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signals in Rydberg atomic systems. The distortion caused by non-uniform fields is important to understand in the development of Rydberg atom-based sensors. The researchers present a model that approximates the atom vapor as multi-layered media and accurately reproduces the observed EIT lineshape distortion in experimental data.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Narayan Bhusal, Andrew P. Rotunno, Samuel Berweger, Matthew T. Simons, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Ying Ju Wang, Eric Bottomley, Haoquan Fan, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: We compare the sensitivity of co-linear three-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to radio frequency electric fields in Cs-133 Rydberg atoms against the conventional two-photon system. By modeling the atomic systems, we find that the three-photon system has narrower linewidths but does not align with the regions of best sensitivity. Additionally, we calculate the expected sensitivity for the two-photon Rydberg sensor and find that it is over an order of magnitude better than the current measured values, accounting for additional noise sources and quantum efficiency of photo-detectors.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Andrew P. Rotunno, Amy K. Robinson, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Matthew T. Simons, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: We propose a thermal velocity sampling method that efficiently calculates Doppler-broadened atomic spectra compared to regular velocity weighted sampling. The method utilizes equal-population sampling of the 1D thermal distribution by sampling the inverse transform of the cumulative distribution function, and is applicable to normal distributions. We also discuss the efficiency improvement by eliminating velocity classes that do not significantly contribute to the observed atomic lines, and mention the application of this method in two- and three-dimensions.
Article
Physics, Applied
Samuel Berweger, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Andrew P. Rotunno, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Joseph D. Christesen, Kaitlin R. Moore, Matthew T. Simons, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: In this study, we demonstrate that closed-loop quantum interferometric schemes can replace the need for a local oscillator in Rydberg field sensing. The interferometrically defined internal reference provides similar functionality to a traditional LO, including full phase resolution and improved sensitivity. This approach has broad applicability and is confirmed by demodulating four-phase-state signals.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Optics
Maitreyi Jayaseelan, Andrew P. Rotunno, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Christopher L. Holloway
Summary: In this study, we experimentally demonstrate and theoretically model various nonlinear and multiphoton phenomena in the atomic response of Rydberg atoms driven by near-resonant dual-tone radio-frequency (rf) fields under strong driving conditions. Our findings validate previous two-state models and highlight the complexity and unique excitation pathways of the rf-driven Rydberg system.
