Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanorods Loaded with Ceria and Functionalized with Fluorophores for Multimodal Imaging

Multifunctional magnetic nanocomposites based on mesoporous silica have a wide range of potential applications in catalysis, biomedicine, or sensing. Such particles combine responsiveness to external magnetic fields with other functionalities endowed by the agents loaded inside the pores or conjugated to the particle surface. Different applications might benefit from specific particle morphologies. In the case of biomedical applications, mesoporous silica nanospheres have been extensively studied while nanorods, with a more challenging preparation, have attracted much less attention despite the positive impact on the therapeutic performance shown by seminal studies. Here, we report on a sol-gel synthesis of mesoporous rodlike silica particles of two distinct lengths (1.4 and 0.9 mu m) and aspect ratios (4.7 and 2.2) using Pluronic P123 as a structure-directing template and rendering similar to 1 g of rods per batch. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized within the pores yielding maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) nanocrystals of elongated shape (similar to 7 nm x 5 nm) with a [110] preferential orientation along the rod axis and a superparamagnetic character. The performance of the rods as T-2-weighted MRI contrast agents has also been confirmed. In a subsequent step, the mesoporous silica rods were loaded with a cerium compound and their surface was functionalized with fluorophores (fluorescamine and Cyanine5) emitting at lambda = 525 and 730 nm, respectively, thus highlighting the possibility of multiple imaging modalities. The biocompatibility of the rods was evaluated in vitro in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cell line (ZFL), with results showing that neither long nor short rods with magnetic particles caused cytotoxicity in ZFL cells for concentrations up to 50 mu g/ml. We advocate that such nanocomposites can find applications in medical imaging and therapy, where the influence of shape on performance can be also assessed.

Automated summary

Multifunctional magnetic nanocomposites based on mesoporous silica have a wide range of potential applications in various fields. By controlling the structure, nanoparticles with different shapes can be prepared to respond to external magnetic fields. The application of these nanoparticles in biomedicine is particularly promising, but research on nanorods is currently limited.