Article
Mechanics
Krishnendu Sinha, Mani Shankar Yadav, Utkarsh Verma, Janani Srree Murallidharan, Vivek Kumar
Summary: The study found that in a shared washroom, the washbasin near the door is in a prominent recirculation zone, leading to longer residence time for infectious aerosol. Ventilation rate is determined by the air residence time in recirculation zone, and increasing fan flow rate can shorten the ventilation time.
Article
Mechanics
K. Monroe, Y. Yao, A. Lattanzi, V Raghav, J. Capecelatro
Summary: The study investigates the impact of secondary and tertiary expulsions on particle dispersion and penetration using direct numerical simulation of turbulent pulsatile jets and Lagrangian particle tracking of micron-sized droplets. It is found that increased pulsatility hinders the dispersion and penetration of the entire particle cloud, but particles emanating from secondary or tertiary expulsions experience enhanced penetration due to acceleration downstream by vortex structures.
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Mouhammad El Hassan, Hassan Assoum, Nikolay Bukharin, Huda Al Otaibi, Md Mofijur, Anas Sakout
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted society, emphasizing the importance of understanding disease transmission dynamics in limiting spread. Studies on human airflow dynamics play a crucial role in predicting virus transmission through air. Experimental and numerical research have shown that factors such as particle sizes and flow turbulence influence the spread of the virus. Additionally, investigating the effectiveness of facemasks in preventing COVID-19 transmission is of great interest.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Christine S. W. Law, Patricia S. Lan, Gary H. Glover
Summary: The study investigated the potential impact of wearing a face mask on BOLD contrast during fMRI scans, showing that it can alter BOLD baseline signal but has minimal effects on task activation.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hugh P. Ryan, Zachary S. Fishman, Jacob T. Pawlik, Angela Grommet, Malgorzata Musial, Felix Rizzuto, James C. Booth, Christian J. Long, Kathleen Schwarz, Nathan D. Orloff, Jonathan R. Nitschke, Angela C. Stelson
Summary: The environment around a host-guest complex is determined by intermolecular interactions and plays a crucial role in their solubility and reaction rates. However, these interactions are difficult to detect with standard analytical techniques. In this study, we used microwave microfluidic measurements and principal component analysis to quantify the hydration and ion pairing of a coordination cage. The results showed that introducing guest molecules into the solution displaced the bound counterions and the solvent solubility of the guest had the greatest impact on the solvent and ion-pairing dynamics surrounding the host.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Guoqian Wang, Shan Jiang, Shoudong Ni, Yan Zhang
Summary: The manufacturing of surface microstructures is crucial for altering the surface characteristics of parts. Through-mask electrochemical manufacturing is an efficient method for fabricating these microstructures. However, controlling the cross-section morphology of the microstructures requires numerous experiments. Therefore, numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the impact of key variables on the process.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Anesthesiology
Taikyung Seol, Hyerim Kim, Jee-Eun Chang, Yeonsoo Kang, Jin-Young Hwang
Summary: A recent study suggests that paratracheal pressure can effectively enhance mask ventilation in obese anesthetized paralyzed patients. The application of paratracheal pressure significantly increases the expiratory tidal volume and peak inspiratory pressure during face-mask ventilation. No association was found between patient characteristics and the effectiveness of paratracheal pressure on mask ventilation.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MONITORING AND COMPUTING
(2023)
Article
Water Resources
Mohammad M. Hasan, Courtenay Strong, Paul D. Brooks, Steven J. Burian, Michael E. Barber
Summary: This study analyzes the low flow of small mountainous watersheds in Utah's Wasatch Mountains and estimates the impact of climate change on them. The study finds that future temperature increases will result in changes in the frequency and volume of low flows, with RCP4.5 having a more severe impact than RCP8.5.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY-REGIONAL STUDIES
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Giulia Bertagnolli, Riccardo Gallotti, Manlio De Domenico
Summary: Network science enables effective analysis of real interconnected systems that exchange information, with a focus on quantifying communication efficiency between system units. An efficient flow estimator for weighted networks, proposed in this study, allows for comparisons across disparate systems by capturing the heterogeneity of flows and topological differences. The study also suggests that cutting the heaviest connections in a network may increase overall efficiency, challenging the assumption that a sparser network is less efficient.
COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Jesse Reimink, Carolyn Crow, Desmond Moser, Benjamin Jacobsen, Ann Bauer, Thomas Chacko
Summary: The first 500 million years of Earth history is believed to be a period of intense planetary bombardment, but there is limited understanding of the timing and intensity of this meteorite bombardment. Some scientists have suggested a cataclysmic event 3.9 billion years ago, based on the inferred lunar impact history, which greatly increased the impact flux on the Moon, Earth, and possibly other terrestrial planets. This study examines the probability of survival for zircon minerals during such a bombardment event and analyzes ancient zircons for evidence of shock effects. The results indicate that a post-Hadean cataclysm is unlikely and suggest that early crust formation processes explain the scarcity of pre-3.9 billion-year-old terrestrial crust and zircons.
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Tim A. Hardy, Stephen C. How, Bryan J. Taylor
Summary: Acute expiratory muscle loading enhances expiratory muscle function but does not improve subsequent severe-intensity exercise tolerance in healthy men.
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yuquan Zhang, Wenqian Wei, Jinhai Zheng, Bin Peng, Yaoru Qian, Chengyi Li, Yuan Zheng, Emmanuel Fernandez-Rodriguez, An Yu
Summary: This paper investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a floating horizontal axis tidal turbine under wave-current conditions and compares it with experimental results. The findings suggest that surge motion caused by waves significantly affects the thrust and torque of the rotor, while the wave height and period also have a remarkable impact on the fluctuation of the hydrodynamic performance.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yong Kong, Xingyue Li, Jidong Zhao
Summary: This study examines the impact mechanisms of various geophysical flows against a flexible barrier using a unified computational approach. The analysis focuses on distinguishing the runup and pile-up mechanisms and identifies factors such as Froude numbers, solid volume concentrations, and fluid rheologies that affect the transition between the two mechanisms. The study provides insights into these impact mechanisms and their transitions, which can be valuable for the future design of flexible barriers for mitigating hazardous geophysical flows.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Fengxiang Guo, Uwe Schlink, Wanben Wu, Die Hu, Jiayue Sun
Summary: This study proposes a new framework to quantify the impact of urban morphology on land surface temperature (LST) by integrating cities, scales, and seasons. The results show that building coverage ratio, building height, surface developed ratio, and tree height are the dominant contributors to LST. The study also highlights the significant influence of economic activities on the heating/cooling efficiency of building features.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Saeed-Uz-Zaman Khan, Jules Bertrandie, Manting Gui, Anirudh Sharma, Wejdan Alsufyani, Julien F. Gorenflot, Frederic Laquai, Derya Baran, Barry P. Rand
Summary: Understanding the factors affecting energy loss in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is crucial for improving their efficiency and developing new materials. This study provides experimental evidence supporting the correlation between charge-transfer state disorder and energy loss. It also proposes a universal metric for quantifying energy loss in OPVs by measuring the peak of the charge-transfer state distribution using temperature-dependent external quantum efficiency measurements.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yanting Shen, Yuan Liu, Janine K. Nunes, Chenmin Wang, Miao Xu, Michael K. T. To, Howard A. Stone, Ho Cheung Shum
Summary: Injectable fibro-gel, a water-filled network of entangled hydrogel microfibers, has shown great potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to its injectability, tailorable physicochemical properties, and controlled drug release profiles. Preliminary in vivo tests on a mice excision skin model have demonstrated that the fibro-gel promotes faster wound healing and new tissue regeneration compared to a commercial gel. Moreover, the release of distinct drugs at different rates using a two-layer fibro-gel model further enhances wound healing efficiency.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Miguel A. Herrada, Yingxian Estella Yu, Howard A. Stone
Summary: We study the linear stability of bubbles in a capillary tube under external flow. The study finds a rich variety of bubble dynamics when a downward external flow is applied, opposing the buoyancy-driven ascent of the bubble. The results show the existence of two branches of solutions that overlap over a finite range of the capillary number, along with the discovery of symmetry-breaking steady-state shapes near the tipping points of the solution branches.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Condensed Matter
J. Roggeveen, H. A. Stone, C. Kurzthaler
Summary: We generalize classical dispersion theory to derive an asymptotic long-time convection-diffusion equation for a solute suspended in a wide, structured channel and subject to a steady low-Reynolds-number shear flow. The dispersion behavior depends on the surface structure, with tilted corrugations enhancing dispersion along the principal direction and decreasing dispersion perpendicular to it. Moreover, each Fourier mode of an arbitrary surface shape contributes a linearly-independent correction to the classical Taylor dispersion diffusion tensor.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Ivan C. Christov, Howard A. Stone
Summary: This study provides new concepts for understanding the transport phenomena in granular material flows by introducing a non-Fickian macroscopic model of axial diffusion in a cylindrical tumbler. The model considers diffusion induced by particle collisions only in a thin surface flowing layer due to shear localization. All model parameters are linked to measurable quantities in the granular flow. The proposed model is shown to be a specific case of linear constitutive relations with memory. An exact solution for the spreading of a finite-width pulse initial condition under the non-Fickian model is derived and compared to the solution of the Fickian model.
MECHANICS RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Steven G. Harrellson, Michael S. DeLay, Xi Chen, Ahmet-Hamdi Cavusoglu, Jonathan Dworkin, Howard A. Stone, Ozgur Sahin
Summary: Hygroscopic biological matter in plants, fungi and bacteria plays a significant role in Earth's biomass. These materials exchange water with the environment, exhibit similar mechanical behaviors controlled by the hydration force, and can give rise to a distinct class of solid matter called "hydration solid".
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zehao Pan, Janine K. Nunes, Camille Duprat, Ho Cheung Shum, Howard A. Stone
Summary: When a suspension of particles passes through a constriction, the particle volume fraction either decreases or remains unchanged. However, an entangled fiber suspension can increase its volume fraction by over 10 times after passing through a constriction. This increase is attributed to the entanglements among the fibers, which allow the network to move faster than the liquid. This finding provides a new strategy to control soft material properties during delivery processes in healthcare, 3D printing, and material repair.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bernardo Gouveia, Sagar U. Setru, Matthew R. King, Aaron Hamlin, Howard A. Stone, Joshua W. Shaevitz, Sabine Petry
Summary: Microtubules are generated at various sites during cell division, including centrosomes, chromosomes, and within spindles. This study focuses on the nucleation of microtubules at chromosomes, revealing that chromosomes alone can trigger branching microtubule nucleation. The researchers observe this process using fluorescence microscopy and propose a theoretical model involving the release of effectors by chromosomes to spatially bias branching nucleation. These branched networks ultimately organize into functional spindles, with their number scaling with the number of chromosomes and chromatin area.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ambika Somasundar, Boyang Qin, Suin Shim, Bonnie L. Bassler, Howard A. Stone
Summary: Bacterial biofilms are communities of cells adhered to surfaces and represent a predominant form of bacterial life on Earth. A key feature of biofilms is the extracellular polymer matrix that acts as a barrier to chemicals, including antimicrobials. This study explores the use of externally imposed chemical gradients to transport particles into bacterial biofilms, demonstrating the importance of chemical gradients in disrupting biofilm matrix and regulating particle transport. The findings suggest potential applications in other physiological systems.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Jesse T. Ault, Sangwoo Shin, Allan Garcia, Antonio Perazzo, Howard A. Stone
Summary: Glycerol is hygroscopic and its viscosity decreases as it absorbs water vapour from the atmosphere. Experimental measurements of glycerol viscosity in a rheometer show that it decreases with time as water is absorbed and transported within the glycerol. The rate of viscosity decrease has a non-monotonic relationship with the rheometer gap height.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Jessica L. Wilson, Amir A. Pahlavan, Martin A. Erinin, Camille Duprat, Luc Deike, Howard A. Stone
Summary: The wetting behavior of drops attached to fibers can be influenced by a background airflow, resulting in alignment, repulsion, and coalescence processes. Understanding the behavior of fiber-attached drops in the presence of airflow and controlling drop motion and coalescence are challenging but significant for various applications. Through experiments, it is shown that wetting drops on parallel fibers can aerodynamically interact both with their downstream and upstream neighbors in a uniform air flow, leading to different behaviors such as alignment and coalescence. Particle-image velocimetry is used to visualize wake patterns and explain these behaviors.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lisong Yang, Amir A. Pahlavan, Howard A. Stone, Colin D. Bain
Summary: This study investigates the drying dynamics of alcohol droplets on surfaces and the influence of ambient humidity. The researchers observe complex drying behavior due to water condensation on the alcohol droplets, and propose a lubrication model to explain the phenomena.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Niki Abbasi, Janine K. Nunes, Zehao Pan, Tejas Dethe, Ho Cheung Shum, Andrej Kosmrlj, Howard A. Stone
Summary: Liquid-liquid phase separation induced by co-flow of a nonequilibrated aqueous two-phase system within a planar flow-focusing microfluidic device is experimentally demonstrated. Invasion fronts from the outer stream are formed along the top and bottom walls of the microfluidic device, which merge as the system reaches steady-state. The formation and growth of the invasion fronts are driven by Marangoni flow induced by the polymer concentration gradient along the width of the channel during phase separation.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel B. Shaw, Qi Li, Janine K. Nunes, Luc Deike
Summary: Microplastics are widely present in marine environments globally and their concentration is expected to increase due to human activity. This study investigates the mechanism of microplastic emission through bursting bubbles and demonstrates that jet drops are efficient in emitting microplastics. A global microplastic emission model is established, considering bubble scavenging and bursting physics, local wind and sea state, and oceanic microplastic concentration.
