Journal
GENES
Volume 12, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/genes12111841
Keywords
Echinochloa spp.; barnyard grass; late watergrass; DNA barcoding; ALS inhibitors resistance; target-site resistance; Ala122Asn; Trp574Leu; ALS gene copies; ALS alleles expression
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Funding
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
- Gini Foundation
- CNR
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Understanding the diversity of polyploid Echinochloa spp. resistant to ALS inhibitors in Italian rice fields is crucial for resistance management. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of specific ALS gene mutations in E. crus-galli and E. oryzicola, contributing to their high herbicide resistance levels.
The sustainability of rice cropping systems is jeopardized by the large number and variety of populations of polyploid Echinochloa spp. resistant to ALS inhibitors. Better knowledge of the Echinochloa species present in Italian rice fields and the study of ALS genes involved in target-site resistance could significantly contribute to a better understanding of resistance evolution and management. Using a CAPS-rbcL molecular marker, two species, E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. and E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasing., were identified as the most common species in rice in Italy. Mutations involved in ALS inhibitor resistance in the different species were identified and associated with the ALS homoeologs. The relative expression of the ALS gene copies was evaluated. Molecular characterization led to the identification of three ALS genes in E. crus-galli and two in E. oryzicola. The two species also carried different point mutations conferring resistance: Ala122Asn in E. crus-galli and Trp574Leu in E. oryzicola. Mutations were carried in the same gene copy (ALS1), which was significantly more expressed than the other copies (ALS2 and ALS3) in both species. These results explain the high resistance level of these populations and why mutations in the other ALS copies are not involved in herbicide resistance.
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