Journal
CATALYSTS
Volume 11, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/catal11101239
Keywords
desulfurization; denitrogenation; carbon catalysts; carbon composites; biphasic oxidation; amphiphilic material; low-sulfur fuels; liquid fuels
Categories
Funding
- project PLASTIC_TO_FUEL&MAT-UpcyclingWaste Plastics into Fuel and Carbon Nanomaterials [PTDC/EQU-EQU/314/239017]
- LSRE-LCM - FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) [UIDB/50020/2020, UIDP/50020/2020]
- CIMO through FEDER under Program PT2020 [UIDB/00690/2020]
- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [SFRH/BD/143224/2019]
- European Social Fund (FSE) [SFRH/BD/143224/2019]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/143224/2019] Funding Source: FCT
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This paper reviews the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) processes for producing ultra-low-sulfur and nitrogen fuels, focusing on the role of carbon-based materials and discussing the advantages of using amphiphilic carbon-based catalysts.
Sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) are elements naturally found in petroleum-based fuels. S- and N-based compounds in liquid fuels are associated with a series of health and environmental issues. Thus, legislation has become stricter worldwide regarding their content and related emissions. Traditional treatment systems (namely hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation) fail to achieve the desired levels of S and N contents in fuels without compromising combustion parameters. Thus, oxidative treatments (oxidative desulfurization-ODS, and oxidative denitrogenation-ODN) are emerging as alternatives to producing ultra-low-sulfur and nitrogen fuels. This paper presents a thorough review of ODS and ODN processes applying carbon-based materials, either in hybrid forms or as catalysts on their own. Focus is brought to the role of the carbonaceous structure in oxidative treatments. Furthermore, a special section related to the use of amphiphilic carbon-based catalysts, which have some advantages related to a closer interaction with the oily and aqueous phases, is discussed.
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