Article
Polymer Science
Zehra Syeda, Hsing-yin Chen, Man-kit Leung
Summary: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a vital component in daily life, but its resistance to degradation has led to environmental disaster. This study presents a glycolysis method using amino alcohols (AmOH's) to efficiently recycle PET into oligoethylene terephthalate (OET) with high yields. The OET can then be used to produce PET, completing the PET-to-PET cycle. The study also compares the efficiency of different AmOH's and provides insights into their role in the degradation process.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Paulina Wisniewska, Shifeng Wang, Krzysztof Formela
Summary: Waste tire management is a major global environmental issue, and finding low-cost and industrial-scale tire recycling methods is gaining more attention. The sustainable development of rubber devulcanization technologies and the appropriate design of cradle-to-cradle loops for rubber goods are considered promising strategies for achieving a higher level of rubber recycling. This work presents an overview of patented waste tire rubber devulcanization technologies and discusses their performance characteristics, environmental aspects, and limitations. The findings show that the reclaimed rubbers described in patents have higher tensile strength and elongation break compared to literature data or commercial products, with significant differences attributed to devulcanization efficiency and rubber treatment conditions. Considering environmental and economic aspects, reactive extrusion is identified as the most promising method for further developing rubber devulcanization technologies.
Article
Polymer Science
Rounak Ghosh, Christian Mani, Roland Krafczyk, Rupert Schnell, Alexander Paasche, Auke Talma, Anke Blume, Wilma K. Dierkes
Summary: The disposal of tires at the end of their lifespan leads to societal and environmental issues. Recycling and reuse, particularly through sustainable devulcanization processes using silanes, offer effective solutions. This study demonstrates a thermo-mechanical-chemical devulcanization process for passenger car tire rubber, achieving significant network breakdown and tensile strength recovery.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Daniel Abel Simon, Tamas Barany
Summary: In this study, we devulcanized ground tire rubber (GTR) using microwaves at different temperatures and heating rates. We evaluated the soluble content and cross-link density of the samples and determined the microwave energy and selectivity parameter during devulcanization. The results showed that lower temperatures and slower heating rates resulted in better devulcanization effects and higher selectivity. However, higher temperatures led to severe degradation despite achieving a higher degree of devulcanization. Additionally, introducing devulcanized GTRs to natural rubber-based mixtures using a two-step mixing method improved the mechanical properties, especially tear strength.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Kirill A. Kirshanov, Roman V. Toms, Mikhail S. Balashov, Sergey S. Golubkov, Pavel V. Melnikov, Alexander Yu. Gervald
Summary: Polymer composites with similar properties to PET-based polyester matrices can be obtained by purifying the products of PET glycolysis. A kinetic model of PET homogeneous glycolysis was proposed and verified by experimental data. The model can be used to predict optimal conditions for PET glycolysis and obtain composite materials with desired properties.
Article
Polymer Science
Tianlin Wang, Xu Gong, Chuanchao Shen, Guangren Yu, Xiaochun Chen
Summary: A series of ionic liquids based on 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine were synthesized and used as catalyst for PET degradation, achieving high BHET yield. The catalytic effect of the [C(6)TMG]Cl/2ZnCl(2) catalyst remained stable even after six times of reuse. Investigating the degradation of commercial beverage bottles using this catalyst also showed promising results.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ngan Hong Le, Tran Thi Ngoc Van, Bonggeun Shong, Joungmo Cho
Summary: In this study, a new catalytic method was developed to efficiently convert post-consumer PET into BHET. The addition of an aromatic compound with an alkoxy group facilitated the conversion at a lower reaction temperature, and inexpensive metal salts or organic guanidine bases were found to be effective catalysts. Under optimal reaction conditions, PET completely decomposed in 2 hours with an 86% yield of BHET.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dipankar Mondal, Sakrit Hait, Soumyajit Ghorai, Sven Wiessner, Amit Das, Debapriya De, Dipankar Chattopadhyay
Summary: A new sustainable approach using a multifunctional devulcanizing agent was proposed for the development of value added devulcanized rubber, which can enhance its application in the tire industry and play a significant role in product quality, production economy, and market competition. By utilizing bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide as the devulcanizing agent, ground tire rubber (GTR) can be mechanochemically devulcanized, allowing for the homogeneous dispersion of silica in the revulcanized rubber compound. The optimal devulcanization time of 40 minutes was determined through swelling experiments and Horikx theory, resulting in better-quality devulcanized rubber and improved mechanical and thermal performance of the revulcanized rubber. Scanning electron microscopy images further confirmed the homogeneous silica dispersion in the rubber matrix. This technology has shown potential for rubber reclamation, contributing to advancements in ecological sustainability.
JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marcin Muszynski, Janusz Nowicki, Mateusz Zygadlo, Gabiela Dudek
Summary: This paper provides an overview of recent scientific literature on the chemical recycling methods of PET. The review focuses on hydrolysis and alcoholysis, including methanolysis, ethanolysis, glycolysis, and reactions with higher alcohols. The depolymerization methods, catalysts, ionic liquids, solvents, and process parameters are compared, and detailed experimental results are presented to determine the most favorable conditions and methods.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Brana Pantelic, Jeovan A. Araujo, Sanja Jeremic, Muhammad Azeem, Olivia A. Attallah, Romanos Siaperas, Marija Mojicevic, Yuanyuan Chen, Margaret Brennan Fournet, Evangelos Topakas, Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
Summary: A new strain of Bacillus subtilis BPM12 with high BHET degradation potential has been isolated from a pristine soil sample. The overexpression of the enzyme BPM12CE in Bacillus subtilis 168 enables the strain to degrade BHET. The combination of mechanical and microbial degradation shows promise for the upcycling of PET waste.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zathang Laldinpuii, Samson Lalhmangaihzuala, Zodinpuia Pachuau, Khiangte Vanlaldinpuia
Summary: PET, as one of the most widely used polymeric materials, can be depolymerized using BLA derived catalyst, which is cost-free, environmentally friendly, and reusable for multiple cycles, making it an efficient and sustainable solution for plastic waste management.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kasim Mermerdas, Sueleyman Ipek, Yusuf Isiker, Hewr Rasool
Summary: The main objective of this study is to recycle end-of-life tires as fine aggregate in fly ash-based geopolymer composites. By changing the binder content, the study aims to improve the adverse characteristics caused by the recycled fine aggregate, crumb rubber. Four crumb rubber replacement levels were tested, and the performance of the composites was evaluated in terms of fresh and hardened state properties. The results showed that replacing river sand with crumb rubber significantly affected the characteristics of the geopolymer composites.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Somayeh Mohammadi, Mojtaba Enayati
Summary: In this study, a novel magnetic bifunctional ionic liquid catalyst was introduced for efficient depolymerization of PET in PET chemical recycling. The catalyst showed high activity in generating highly pure BHET, and it could be easily separated and reused.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yuanyuan Meng, Xiangqian Ye, Fuqiong He, Zhipeng Chen, Chichun Hu, Peng Lin
Summary: The degradation progress of crumb tire rubber (CR) during the preparation process of terminal blended rubberized asphalt binder (TB) can be classified into three stages, and each stage corresponds to different macro property evolution of TB. This finding can contribute to achieving precise control of CR degradation progression and efficient preparation of TB with specific properties.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yanyan Li, Jiajia Shen, Qian Liu, Yanan Zhu, Zengyuan Pang, Mingqiao Ge
Summary: The upgraded glycolysis of PET catalyzed by Zinc-doped magnetic ferrite nanoparticles (Zn-MNPs) was used for recycling PET textiles colored with different disperse dyes. Zn-MNPs acted as Lewis acid in PET glycolysis and dispersion electrodes in dye decolorization. The combination of glycolysis and electro-Fenton process with Zn-MNPs as catalysts achieved simultaneous PET degradation and decolorization.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Roman Toms, Mikhail S. Balashov, Alexander Y. Gervald, Nickolay Prokopov, Anna Plutalova, Elena Chernikova
Summary: In this study, copolymers of acrylonitrile and alkyl acrylates were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in dimethylsulfoxide, showing the impact of alkyl substituents on the copolymer properties. The reactivity of alkyl acrylate decreases with the increase of alkyl substituent length, leading to changes in copolymer composition and thermal behavior. The use of alkyl acrylates with longer alkyl substituents enhances chain flexibility and ladder structure formation during oxidative stabilization, benefiting carbon fiber production.
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Kirill Kirshanov, Roman Toms, Pavel Melnikov, Alexander Gervald
Summary: A method for producing nanocomposites using recycled PET as a matrix has been proposed, and it has been demonstrated that this method can yield nanocomposites with high mechanical properties.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ivan Yu. Skvortsov, Nikita M. Maksimov, Mikhail S. Kuzin, Roman V. Toms, Lydia A. Varfolomeeva, Elena V. Chernikova, Valery G. Kulichikhin
Summary: The influence of alkyl acrylate comonomers in ternary copolymers on their solutions rheological behavior and mechanical properties of the spun fibers has been investigated. The nature of the alkyl acrylate does not significantly affect the rheological behavior of their solutions except for high-molecular PAN-LA. An increase in molecular weight leads to a significant increase in the strength and elastic modulus of the fibers. PAN-MA and PAN-LA fibers have higher tensile strength than other copolymers spun in the same conditions.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kirill Kirshanov, Roman Toms, Gadir Aliev, Alina Naumova, Pavel Melnikov, Alexander Gervald
Summary: Disposal of post-consumer PET waste is an important task for modern industry. This review aims to systematize known methods of processing PET and copolyesters, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The review also showcases the valuable membrane products that can be obtained from PET and copolyesters and their potential applications in various industries. Chemical methods, particularly glycolysis and destruction followed by copolycondensation, show promising potential. Key technologies for membrane production such as ion track technology, electrospinning, and non-solvent induced phase separation are discussed, along with methods for modifying membrane properties. Various applications including gas purification, water filtration, and medical and food industry use are presented. Promising directions for future research in recycled PET-based materials and post-processing and modification methods are also highlighted.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Minh Tuan Nguyen, Elizaveta V. Guseva, Aida N. Ataeva, Andrey L. Sigan, Anna V. Shibaeva, Maria V. Dmitrieva, Ivan D. Burtsev, Yulia L. Volodina, Alexandra S. Radchenko, Anton E. Egorov, Alexey A. Kostyukov, Pavel V. Melnikov, Nikolai D. Chkanikov, Vladimir A. Kuzmin, Alexander A. Shtil, Alina A. Markova
Summary: The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the availability of molecular oxygen and fluorocarbons have been used as oxygen carriers. In this study, fluorous derivatives of chlorin were synthesized and used to prepare nanoemulsions with perfluorodecalin as an oxygen depot. The modified emulsions showed strong photodamaging potency in hypoxic cells, making them efficient and biocompatible instruments for PDT-assisted eradication of hypoxic cells.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Roman V. Toms, Mikhail S. Balashov, Alexander Yu. Gervald, Nikolay I. Prokopov, Anna V. Plutalova, Elena V. Chernikova
Summary: We have successfully synthesized random, gradient, and block-gradient copolymers containing 3.4-10.2 mol. % of acrylamide using dibenzyl trithiocarbonate and batch/semibatch polymerization. By using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we have revealed the influence of monomer sequence on the cyclization behavior of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylamide). Our findings show that the atmosphere plays a significant role in the cyclization behavior of the copolymers, with intramolecular cyclization being the main process in argon atmosphere and oxidation reactions dominating in air atmosphere.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Kirill A. Kirshanov, Roman V. Toms, Mikhail S. Balashov, Sergey S. Golubkov, Pavel V. Melnikov, Alexander Yu. Gervald
Summary: Polymer composites with similar properties to PET-based polyester matrices can be obtained by purifying the products of PET glycolysis. A kinetic model of PET homogeneous glycolysis was proposed and verified by experimental data. The model can be used to predict optimal conditions for PET glycolysis and obtain composite materials with desired properties.
Article
Polymer Science
Anastasia S. Medvedeva, Elena I. Dyakova, Lyubov S. Kuznetsova, Vladislav G. Mironov, George K. Gurkin, Tatiana V. Rogova, Anna S. Kharkova, Pavel V. Melnikov, Alina O. Naumova, Denis N. Butusov, Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
Summary: Electropolymerized thionine was used to create a two-mediated microbial biosensor for determining BOD, with promising results shown for the system based on poly(thionine), SWCNT, and neutral red. The biosensor exhibited high sensitivity and insignificant differences compared to standard dilution method. This study demonstrates the potential of nanocomposite materials based on SWCNT and poly(thionine) for effective electron transfer from yeast microorganisms, opening up prospects for stable and highly sensitive electrochemical systems based on eukaryotes.
Article
Polymer Science
Maxim D. Lisowski, Elizaveta V. Korobova, Alina O. Naumova, Igor P. Sedishev, Alina A. Markova, Minh Tuan Nguyen, Vladimir A. Kuzmin, Artemiy I. Nichugovskiy, Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov, Nikolay A. Yashtulov, Pavel V. Melnikov
Summary: This paper investigates the modification of an oligohexamethyleneguanidine (OHMG) polymer to enhance its properties against microorganisms with lipid membranes. The modified polymer is used as an additive in a composite optical oxygen sensor material. Results show that the optimal polymer content is wt.3%, which significantly reduces fouling and improves water contact angle. This study opens up prospects for creating stable and biofouling-resistant sensor elements.
