Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 51, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100994
Keywords
General psychopathology; p Factor; Executive function; Longitudinal; Risk factor; Transdiagnostic
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institutes of Health [R01 MH101521, R37 MH068376, F32 MH124409]
- [U01DA041048]
- [U01DA050989]
- [U01DA051016]
- [U01DA041022]
- [U01DA051018]
- [U01DA051037]
- [U01DA050987]
- [U01DA041174]
- [U01DA041106]
- [U01DA041117]
- [U01DA041028]
- [U01DA041134]
- [U01DA050988]
- [U01DA051039]
- [U01DA041156]
- [U01DA041025]
- [U01DA041120]
- [U01DA051038]
- [U01DA041148]
- [U01DA041093]
- [U01DA041089]
- [U24DA041123]
- [U24DA041147]
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The study found bidirectional prospective relations between executive function and general psychopathology, with executive function being both a predictor and outcome. Executive function consistently predicted changes in externalizing and neurodevelopmental symptoms.
A general psychopathology ('p') factor captures shared variation across mental disorders. One hypothesis is that poor executive function (EF) contributes to p. Although EF is related to p concurrently, it is unclear whether EF predicts or is a consequence of p. For the first time, we examined prospective relations between EF and p in 9845 preadolescents (aged 9-12) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (R) longitudinally over two years. We identified higher-order factor models of psychopathology at baseline and one-and two-year follow-up waves. Consistent with previous research, a cross-sectional inverse relationship between EF and p emerged. Using residualized-change models, baseline EF prospectively predicted p factor scores two years later, controlling for prior p, sex, age, race/ethnicity, parental education, and family income. Baseline p factor scores also pro-spectively predicted change in EF two years later. Tests of specificity revealed that bi-directional prospective relations between EF and p were largely generalizable across externalizing, internalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatization, and detachment symptoms. EF consistently predicted change in externalizing and neuro-developmental symptoms. These novel results suggest that executive dysfunction is both a risk marker and consequence of general psychopathology. EF may be a promising transdiagnostic intervention target to prevent the onset and maintenance of psychopathology.
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