Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 800, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149463
Keywords
Polystyrene nanoparticle; Azole compounds; Mixture toxicity; Danio rerio; Oxidative stress
Categories
Funding
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JSPS KAKENHI [19F19401]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19F19401] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The study found that co-exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NP) and ketoconazole (KCZ) or fluconazole (FCZ) increased oxidative stress and apoptosis-related gene expression, exacerbating the toxicity of azoles. This highlights the need for caution in releasing azole fungicides in the environment.
The ubiquity of nanoplastics (NPs) raises concerns about their interactions and combined toxicity with other common contaminants. Although azoles are present throughout the natural environment, their interactions with NP are not well known. We investigated the effects of polystyrene (PS) NP on the toxicity of ketoconazole (KCZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) in zebrafish embryos using the developmental toxicity, oxidative-stress-related biochemical parameters, and expression of genes related to neurotoxicity (ache), cardiotoxicity (gata4, bmp4), in-flammation (il1b), oxidative stress (sod1, sod2, cyp1a), and apoptosis (bax, bcl2). Co-exposure to NP (1 mg/L) and KCZ/FCZ (1 mg/L) for 96 h reduced the hatching rate, survival rate, and heart rate and increased the malformation rate and catalase activity. The bax/bcl2 ratio, an apoptosis indicator, was higher after NP, KCZ, or FCZ treatment. However, the bax/bcl2 ratio after exposure to NP + KCZ or NP + FCZ was much higher than that after single ex-posure. Overall, the results indicated that NP aggravated the toxicity of azole by significantly increasing the reac-tive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and altering the expression of oxidative-stress-and apoptosis-related genes. The interactive toxicity of PS NP with KCZ/FCZ reported in this study emphasises the need for caution in the release of azole fungicides in the environment. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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