Eosinophils in bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disorder with substantial morbidity and mortality. BP is regarded as a disorder driven by IgG due to BP180 and BP230 IgG autoantibodies, yet, new advances highlight the function of eosinophils and IgE autoantibodies in BP. Evidence supports that eosinophils are involved in BP pathogenesis, notably, these include the presence of IL-5, eotaxin, and eosinophil-colony stimulating factor in blister fluid. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is present in nearly 50% of affected patients, eosinophils are found against the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) when BP serum is present and metalloprotease-9 is secreted at blister sites. Blister fluid of BP patients contains eosinophil granule proteins which are located along the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) in patients with BP and correspond with disease clinically, eosinophil extracellular traps (EET) have been linked to DEJ splitting, IL-5 activated eosinophils cause DEJ separation when BP serum is present, and eosinophils are requisite to drive anti-BP180 IgE mediated blistering of the skin. Yet, the mechanism whereby eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of BP remains to be explored. In this review, we examined the role of eosinophils in BP while offering a basis to explain the pathomechanisms of eosinophils in BP. (Cite this article as: Jones VA, Patel PM, Amber KT. Eosinophils in bullous pemphigoid. Panminerva Med 2021;63:368-78. DOI: 10.23736/S00310808.20.03997-X) Key words: Pemphigoid, bullous; Eosinophils, Major basic protein; Eosinophilia; Eosinophil cationic protein; Pruritus; Cytokines.

Automated summary

Eosinophils play a significant role in the pathogenesis of BP, with evidence of their involvement in blister fluid and association with BP180 IgE-mediated blistering of the skin. Further exploration is needed to fully understand the mechanism by which eosinophils contribute to BP.