Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in 2205 duplex stainless steels during additive manufacturing and heat treatment

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) offers exceptional design freedom, but its high thermal gradients often generate non-equilibrium microstructures with chemical and interfacial instabilities. Steels that solidify as 8-ferrite often experience a further solid-state phase transformation to austenite during AM. The detailed nature of this phase transformation during AM is yet to be fully understood. Duplex stainless steel, which is known for its unique combination of high corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, is a suitable alloy to further study this phase transformation. The current study aims to gain novel insights into solid-state phase transformations and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels during laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF). As-printed microstructures exhibit significant deviations when compared to conventionally manufactured counterparts in terms of phase balance and morphology, elemental partitioning, and interface character distribution. During LPBF, only a small fraction of austenite forms, mostly at the ferrite-ferrite grain boundaries, via a phase transformation accompanied by diffusion of interstitials. Austenite/ferrite boundaries are shown to terminate on {100}F//{111}(A) planes. This is due to the character of parent ferrite-ferrite boundaries which is dictated by the sharp <100> texture and geometry of austenite grains induced by directional solidification and epitaxial growth of ferrite. Benchmarking mechanical properties against a wrought counterpart demonstrates that AM offers high strength but relatively low ductility and impact toughness. A short heat treatment reverts the microstructure back to its equilibrium state resulting in balanced tensile and toughness properties, comparable to or even better than those of wrought counterparts.

Automated summary

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) often leads to non-equilibrium microstructures with chemical and interfacial instabilities. This study focuses on understanding the phase transformation and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels during laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF). The as-printed microstructures show significant deviations compared to conventionally manufactured counterparts. A fraction of austenite forms during LPBF, mainly at ferrite-ferrite grain boundaries, through a diffusion-driven phase transformation. Austenite/ferrite boundaries terminate on specific crystal planes dictated by the texture and growth of ferrite. Mechanical properties of AM samples exhibit high strength but relatively low ductility and impact toughness. However, a short heat treatment can revert the microstructure back to its equilibrium state and improve the mechanical properties.