Article
Clinical Neurology
Lin An, Jia Qin, Weili Jiang, Penghao Luo, Xiaoyan Luo, Yuzheng Lai, Mei Jin
Summary: This study developed a risk prediction model that utilizes retinal fundus photo to assess cerebrovascular risks. The proposed model demonstrated superior accuracy and effectiveness compared to traditional models, providing an effective tool for cerebrovascular risk assessment.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Yujia Yang, Li Tang, Yiting Deng, Xuzi Li, Anling Luo, Zhao Zhang, Li He, Cairong Zhu, Muke Zhou
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in predicting the prognosis of stroke. The results showed that AI models performed well in predicting the outcomes of ischemic stroke, which could assist physicians in assessing stroke patients' outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Kevin Gilotra, Sujith Swarna, Racheed Mani, Jade Basem, Reza Dashti
Summary: This review examines the current use of AI and ML algorithms in the diagnosis and clinical decision making for cerebrovascular disease. The incorporation of these algorithms has shown improvements in detection time and prognostication for conditions such as ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, AVMs, and aneurysms. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term implementation and impact of these techniques on patient care and clinical outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Jonathan Huang, Nathan A. Shlobin, Michael DeCuypere, Sandi K. Lam
Summary: This study systematically reviewed DL studies in neurosurgical outcome prediction and found that lack of model interpretability and data quality pose significant barriers to the validity and reproducibility of DL models. The study highlights the need for greater transparency and reproducibility in model development and reporting to facilitate validation and clinical use.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Miao Wu, Xianjin Du, Raymond Gu, Jie Wei
Summary: Artificial intelligence has great potential in clinical decision support for sepsis, with applications in prediction, diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and clinical management. However, the implementation and acceptance of this non-traditional method in clinical settings still face challenges.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Mohamed Sobhi Jabal, Olivier Joly, David Kallmes, George Harston, Alejandro Rabinstein, Thien Huynh, Waleed Brinjikji
Summary: This study developed machine learning models using clinical and imaging features to predict the functional outcome at 3 months after thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients. Combining clinical and imaging features resulted in the best prediction. Age, NIHSS score, degree of brain atrophy, early ischemic core, and collateral circulation deficit volume on CTA were the most important classifying features.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giuseppe Miceli, Maria Grazia Basso, Giuliana Rizzo, Chiara Pintus, Elena Cocciola, Andrea Roberta Pennacchio, Antonino Tuttolomondo
Summary: The correct recognition of ischemic stroke etiology is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of recurrence. However, identifying the cause is often challenging, relying on clinical features and diagnostic exams. AI models can enhance sensitivity in identifying main causes of ischemic stroke, such as carotid stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and small vessel disease. This review aims to provide overall knowledge on the most effective AI models in the differential diagnosis of ischemic stroke according to the TOAST classification. Our results show that AI is a useful tool for subtyping acute stroke patients and clarifying the etiology of undetermined ischemic stroke, particularly identifying cardioembolic sources.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
K. G. van Leeuwen, M. J. Becks, D. Grob, F. de Lange, J. H. E. Rutten, S. Schalekamp, M. J. C. M. Rutten, B. van Ginneken, M. de Rooij, F. J. A. Meijer
Summary: This study prospectively evaluated the use of AI software to detect intracranial large vessel occlusions on CT angiography (CTA) in clinical practice. The AI-tool showed an overall accuracy of 87.6%, with sensitivity of 69.1% and specificity of 91.2%. Users found the product user-friendly, but diagnostic confidence for LVO detection remained the same over the year. The usage of the AI-tool fluctuated and showed a declining trend.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Shraddha Mainali, Marin E. Darsie, Keaton S. Smetana
Summary: The application of machine learning in medicine has advanced rapidly over the past decade, with commercially available algorithms already being used in clinical settings for rapid diagnoses in stroke cases. The development of deep learning techniques has greatly improved the accuracy of stroke diagnosis and outcome prediction, although challenges still remain due to the multitude of factors influencing stroke prognosis. Despite the potential of machine learning, there are limitations such as small sample sizes in studies, emphasizing the need for more data collection and evaluation to enhance the efficacy of these tools in stroke management.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xihe Qiu, Xiaoyu Tan, Qiong Li, Shaotao Chen, Yajun Ru, Yaochu Jin
Summary: Precise medication dosing is crucial for ICU patients. This paper proposes an individualized dosing policy using a latent batch-constrained deep reinforcement learning algorithm to determine the optimal initial dose and minimize risks and complications associated with medication dosing.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
(2022)
Review
Oncology
Melissa Estevez, Corey M. Benedum, Chengsheng Jiang, Aaron B. Cohen, Sharang Phadke, Somnath Sarkar, Selen Bozkurt
Summary: This study presents an evaluation framework to assist model developers, data users, and other stakeholders in assessing the quality and applicability of data extracted using machine learning techniques from patient documents. This framework can facilitate effective utilization of this data in research.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Ela Marie Z. Akay, Adam Hilbert, Benjamin G. Carlisle, Vince I. Madai, Matthias A. Mutke, Dietmar Frey
Summary: This study systematically reviews the methodological robustness and clinical implementation constraints of AI-based clinical decision support systems in acute ischemic stroke. The findings reveal the heterogeneity of data sources, methods, and reporting practices, and suggest practical recommendations for successful implementation of AI research in stroke treatment and diagnosis.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Yuzhe Liu, Yuan Luo, Andrew M. Naidech
Summary: Significant advances in medical data accumulation, computational techniques, and management have been made in the last decade. Big data and computational methods can address gaps in patient selection, complications prediction, and outcome understanding. Automated neuroimaging analysis can help triage patients, and data-intensive techniques enable accurate risk calculations for timely prediction of adverse events.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jun Zhang, Ruoli Shi, Shaohua Shi, A. K. Alzo'ubi, Angel Roco-Videla, Mohamed M. A. Hussein, Afrasyab Khan
Summary: Analyzing the soil dynamic shear stresses around rectangular tunnel systems is complex due to the interaction of rectangular TBM and the rock, but utilizing algorithms like support vector machine and gene expression programming can enhance the accuracy of predicting these stresses. Support vector machine shows high-performance capacity in predicting soil dynamic shear stresses around the tunnel during rectangular TBM excavation.
ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Brian Huang, John Sollee, Yong-Heng Luo, Ashwin Reddy, Zhusi Zhong, Jing Wu, Joseph Mammarappallil, Terrance Healey, Gang Cheng, Christopher Azzoli, Dana Korogodsky, Paul Zhang, Xue Feng, Jie Li, Li Yang, Zhicheng Jiao, Harrison Xiao Bai
Summary: Background pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans were analyzed using machine learning to predict the progression and overall survival of lung malignancies. The study found that CNN models trained with FDG-PET/CT data performed well in predicting malignancy progression and overall survival. The prognostic models could potentially improve patient care and treatment options.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yilong Zheng, Kejia Teo, Vincent Diong Weng Nga, Tseng Tsai Yeo, Mervyn Jun Rui Lim
Summary: This study aimed to identify the risk factors for a 30-day postoperative surgical site hematoma requiring evacuation after surgical resection of brain metastases. The results showed that younger age, higher BMI, and blood type AB were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing a 30-day postoperative hematoma. Additional care in intraoperative hemostasis and postoperative monitoring may be indicated among patients who have these risk factors.
CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Chong Boon Teo, Ming Yi Gan, Ryan Yong Kiat Tay, Wann Jia Loh, Ne-Hooi Will Loh
Summary: A meta-analysis of 32 observational studies found that preoperative hyponatremia is associated with increased early mortality and higher risk of major complications in surgical patients.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Mervyn Jun Rui Lim, Jonathan Yeo, Khi Yung Fong, Sean Wai-Onn Eng, Shuning Fu, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Leonard Leong Litt Yeo, Vincent Diong Weng Nga, Tseng Tsai Yeo
Summary: This systematic review investigated the outcomes and predictive factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in COVID-19 patients. Analysis of 345 cases revealed a mortality rate of 40.8%, with a higher prevalence of severe-to-critical COVID-19 and non-aneurysmal SAH among COVID-SAH deaths. Further studies are warranted to explore the association between COVID-19 and SAH and the long-term effects of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yilong Zheng, Mervyn Jun Rui Lim, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Bernard Poon Lap Chan, Prakash Paliwal, Ong Jia Yuan Jonathan, Chandra Bharatendu, Amanda Chee Yun Chan, Leonard Leong Litt Yeo, Joy Vijayan, Chiew S. S. Hong, Young Heng Chee, Lily Y. H. Wong, Jintao Chen, Victor Yao Feng Chong, Yanhong Dong, Chi Hsien Tan, Sibi Sunny, Hock Luen Teoh, Arvind Kumar Sinha, Vijay Kumar Sharma
Summary: This study aimed to validate the associations of plaque inflammation on FDG-PET and the symptomatic carotid atheroma inflammation lumen-stenosis (SCAIL) score with recurrent ischemic events. A single-center prospective cohort study recruited patients with recent TIA or ischemic stroke, carotid artery stenosis, and not considered for early revascularization. Measurements of plaque inflammation and stenosis severity were taken, and the results showed that FDG-PET demonstrated better predictive abilities than the SCAIL score in risk stratification for patients. The study concluded that further research is needed to evaluate the benefits of carotid revascularization and/or anti-inflammatory therapy based on plaque inflammation detected on FDG-PET.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Yanxin Yao, Yibo Chen, Han Yao, Zhengwei Ni, Mehul Motani
Summary: This article focuses on resource allocation in energy harvesting systems for IoT networks, particularly in the context of real-time periodic task allocation with QoS. The authors propose a novel method to allocate energy to slots based on certain constraints, and a separate method to satisfy task executable constraints. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and task framework.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicole-Ann Lim, Hong-Yi Lin, Choon Han Tan, Andrew F. W. Ho, Tseng Tsai Yeo, Vincent Diong Weng Nga, Benjamin Y. Q. Tan, Mervyn J. R. Lim, Leonard L. L. Yeo
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of surgical intervention compared to medical therapy in the treatment of malignant posterior circulation infarcts (MPCI). A systematic review of 31 studies with 723 patients showed that surgical therapy led to significant differences in mortality and functional outcomes in patients with severe disease. However, limited evidence exists regarding preventative neurosurgery and the superiority of one surgical modality over another.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yilong Zheng, Zheting Zhang, Jiashen Zhao, Kejia Teo, Vincent Diong Weng Nga, Tseng Tsai Yeo, Mervyn Jun Rui Lim
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the association between ABO blood type and mortality among patients who underwent surgical resection of brain metastases. The results showed that patients with blood type AB had a higher risk of overall mortality.
CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Sarah M. L. Tan, Jamie S. Y. Ho, Ching-Hui Sia, Aloysius S. Leow, Raymond C. S. Seet, Hock Luen Teoh, Linus Z. H. Yuen, Carol Huilian Tham, Christopher Y. K. Chua, Eng Soo Yap, Bernard P. L. Chan, Mervyn J. R. Lim, Vijay K. Sharma, Leonard L. L. Yeo, Tian Ming Tu, Benjamin Y. Q. Tan
Summary: This study describes the stroke subtypes, risk factors, and etiologies for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in a young Asian adult population. The results show that young adults with AIS have diverse risk factors and causes. The International Pediatric Stroke Study (IPSS) risk factors and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Potential Embolic Sources (ESUS-PES) construct may better reflect the heterogeneous risk factors and etiologies in young stroke patients.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Mervyn Jun Rui Lim, Rambert Guan Mou Wee, Natalie Min Yi Aw, Sherry Jiani Liu, Cindy Wei Li Ho, Kejia Teo, Sein Lwin, Tseng Tsai Yeo, Miriam Kimpo, Vincent Diong Wen Nga
Summary: The long-term management of pediatric craniopharyngioma remains challenging, with multiple recurrences and long-term neuroendocrine sequelae affecting the quality of life for patients. Further research into the management of recurrences and neuroendocrine sequelae, as well as novel therapies to improve outcomes, may be necessary.
WORLD NEUROSURGERY
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jaclyn Tan, Ne-Hooi Will Loh, Hui Minn Chan, Kejia Teo, Mervyn Jun Rui Lim
Summary: This case series study investigated the perioperative cognitive function and emotional states in a multilingual Asian population of glioma patients who underwent awake craniotomy. The study found that higher preoperative cognitive scores were associated with better follow-up HRQoL, while preoperative depressive and stress symptomatology were associated with worse follow-up HRQoL. Mild preoperative anxiety was associated with better follow-up HRQoL.
WORLD NEUROSURGERY
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Andrew Fu Wah Ho, Mervyn Jun Rui Lim, Arul Earnest, Audrey Blewer, Nicholas Graves, Jun Wei Yeo, Pin Pin Pek, Ling Tiah, Marcus Eng Hock Ong
Summary: This study aimed to quantify the long-term survival and disease burden of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in an Asian cohort. The analysis of 802 OHCA cases revealed significant variations in annual disease burden and mortality rates.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Keng Siang Lee, Cheyenne Lee, Permesh S. Dhillon, Ramez Kirollos, Vincent D. W. Nga, Tseng Tsai Yeo, Hans Henkes, Adam S. Arthur, Leonard L. L. Yeo, Pervinder Bhogal
Summary: Antiplatelet therapy (AT) may help reduce the pro-coagulant state in the cerebral circulation caused by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This meta-analysis study showed that AT is associated with lower rates of delayed cerebral ischemia, symptomatic vasospasm, and moderate/severe angiographic vasospasm, without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic events.
NEUROSURGICAL REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Adam Vacek, Grant Mair, Philip White, Philip M. Bath, Keith W. Muir, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Chloe Martin, David Dye, Francesca M. Chappell, Ruediger von Kummer, Malcolm Macleod, Nikola Sprigg, Joanna M. Wardlaw
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of e-ASPECTS software in delineating the extent of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on brain CT scans. The results showed that the software achieved excellent or good delineation of ICH extent in 71% of cases. However, it was more likely to over- or under-estimate the extent when ICH was more extensive, intraventricular, or extra-axial.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Mathias Jacobsen Bach, Audrone Jakubauskaite, Ian Law, Otto Molby Henriksen, Inger Havsteen, Alexander Cuculiza Henriksen, Sverre Rosenbaum, Lisbeth Marner
Summary: This study found that the rCBFacz value after ACZ challenge can serve as an important indicator for predicting future cerebrovascular events, with high accuracy and prognostic value.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Tak Kyu Oh, Saeyeon Kim, In-Ae Song
Summary: The study found that many survivors of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage in South Korea experience unemployment, decreased household income, and newly acquired disability after intensive care unit admission. However, these changes are not associated with 2-year all-cause mortality.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Eduardo Sousa de Melo, Rodrigo de Paiva Bezerra, Arthur Cesario de Holanda, Maria Junia Lira e Silva, Paloma Peter Travassos, Tayne Fernanda Lemos da Silva, Genova Maria de Azevedo Oliveira, Silvia Marinho Martins Alves, Carolina de Araujo Medeiros, Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira Barros, Wilson Alves de Oliveira, Gisele Sampaio Silva, Luciana Patrizia Alves de Andrade Valenca
Summary: Cardiac involvement has been found to be the predominant factor correlated with stroke in Chagas disease. While atherosclerosis-related risk factors are prevalent, their influence on ischemic stroke in Chagas disease appears limited.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Pingping Zheng, Ning Zhang, Zixi Chen
Summary: This case presents a rare infectious cause of stroke and air embolism involving a pulmonary abscess and pulmonary vein thrombosis. Early detection, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of infected systemic embolism in young patients are crucial to prevent serious complications.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Filippo Luca Gurgoglione, Luigi Vignali, Maria Alberta Cattabiani, Emilia Solinas, Giorgio Benatti, Iacopo Tadonio, Federico Barocelli, Chiara Dizdari, Domenico Tuttolomondo, Diego Ardissino, Francesco Nicolini, Giampaolo Niccoli
Summary: The incidence of recurrent ischemic neurological events after transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure is relatively low. Obesity, Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score < 7, and migraine are independent positive predictors of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Angelo Cascio Rizzo, Ghil Schwarz, Amedeo Cervo, Giuditta Giussani, Chiara Ceresa, Antonella Gatti, Fausto De Angeli, Cristina Motto, Angelo Guccione, Rachele Tortorella, Giuseppe Granata, Claudia Rollo, Antonio Macera, Mariangela Piano, Guglielmo Pero, Elio Clemente Agostoni
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) in primary and EVT-induced secondary medium-vessel occlusions (MeVO). The results showed that primary MeVO had poorer outcomes in terms of complications, EVT efficacy, and the proportion of patients with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-2 at 3 months compared to exclusive large-vessel occlusion (LVO). However, EVT-induced secondary MeVO showed similar safety and efficacy outcomes as exclusive LVO and had better outcomes in terms of mRS 0-2 compared to primary MeVO.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Jing Zhang, Chenming Wei, Jian Wu
Summary: This case report describes a patient with Bloom syndrome who developed acute cerebral infarction along with elevated antiphospholipid antibodies, suggesting a possible association between immune and coagulation abnormalities caused by Bloom syndrome and the development of acute cerebral infarction.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Yunxia Zhou, Shenglan He, Yanhong Hu
Summary: Compared with clopidogrel, DAPT with ticagrelor plus aspirin was associated with significantly lower thromboembolic events without an increase in hemorrhagic events in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, according to the one-year clinical outcome analysis. However, larger upcoming trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of ticagrelor-associated DAPT.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Edvania Andrade de Moura Silva, Ludmilla Ribeiro Batista, Marcela Aline Fernandes Braga, Luci Fuscaldi Teixeira-Salmela, Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais Faria, Iza Faria-Fortini
Summary: The study found that stroke severity is the best predictor of self-perceived manual ability at both three and six months after stroke. Age, although significant, contributes little to the prediction of manual ability.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Sidarrth Prasad, Erica M. Jones, Mehari Gebreyohanns, Veronica Aguilera, DaiWai M. Olson, Jane A. Anderson, Sean I. Savitz, Salvador C. Flores, Steven J. Warach, Charlotte E. Rhodes, Mark P. Goldberg, Nneka L. Ifejika
Summary: This study identified the barriers and facilitators to adopting tenecteplase (TNK) as a thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) by conducting qualitative research with stroke clinicians in Texas. The findings suggest that providing evidence and identifying key change processes can help clinicians achieve consensus on adopting TNK for AIS treatment.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Jeshma Jayan, Sunil K. Narayan, Yasmin Nesha Haniffa, Navin Kumar
Summary: This study investigated the effects of transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in chronic ischemic stroke patients, finding that the real tDCS and rTMS combination results in significant improvement and is safe for use.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Phoebe M. Tran, Cenjing Zhu, William T. Harris II, Sajeesh K. Kamala Raghavan, Agricola Odoi, Liem Tran
Summary: This study assessed the geographic accessibility of stroke rehabilitation facilities in Tennessee. The study found that rural counties had significantly longer travel distances and times compared to urban counties. Counties with high and medium stroke prevalence also had higher travel times and distances compared to low stroke prevalence counties. Therefore, addressing transportation barriers and implementing tele-rehabilitation are crucial for improving access to stroke aftercare in these areas.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Lili Xu, Shuaiyu Chen, Jing Xu, Yanyan Shi, Zhihang Huang, Meng Wang, Ziqiao Wei, Hui Cao, Junshan Zhou, Wei Wang, Mingyang Du
Summary: This study found that the Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI) is positively correlated with 90-day poor outcome in Chinese ischemic stroke patients after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT).
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)
Article
Neurosciences
Guangying Wu, Shuhua Li, Min Luo, Xiaotian Li, Xinghua Zhu, Junhuai Zhang, Qian He, Qian Yang, Guojiang Zhao, Shasha Luo, Zhijie Yang
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and the severity and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The results showed that serum ALP levels in ICH patients were significantly elevated and correlated with hematoma volume and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score. High serum ALP levels may serve as a potential predictor for the severity and unfavorable prognosis of ICH.
JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
(2024)