Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Chonglin Zhang, Gerrett Diamond, Cameron W. Smith, Mark S. Shephard
Summary: This paper presents XGCm, a new unstructured mesh gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code for modeling fusion plasma. XGCm builds on an unstructured mesh-centric infrastructure that is scalable in both the number of mesh elements and particles, and supports generally graded or anisotropic meshes. The methods and algorithms used in the development of XGCm are discussed, which perform all key computing steps on GPU accelerators. Code validation and testing are performed, showing excellent agreement with existing results and demonstrating turbulence growth in different cases. Weak scaling results using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Summit supercomputer are also presented.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Dhyanjyoti D. Nath, Vignesh V. Srinivasaragavan, Timothy R. Younkin, Gerrett Diamond, Cameron W. Smith, Alyssa Hayes, Mark S. Shephard, Onkar Sahni
Summary: This paper presents a fully 3D unstructured mesh-based global impurity transport code called GITRm. It is a Monte Carlo particle tracking code designed to simulate erosion, ionization, migration, and redistribution processes of plasma-facing components in magnetically confined fusion devices. GITRm is capable of handling complex geometries and uses graded and anisotropic elements to accurately represent plasma fields. It is built on the PUMIPic infrastructure, utilizes distributed meshes, and performs well on GPU accelerated computer systems. Three example cases are used to demonstrate the utility of GITRm, including a weak scaling study with billions of particles on multiple GPUs.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhe Ji, Lin Fu, Xiangyu Hu, Nikolaus Adams
Summary: In this paper, a feature-aware SPH method is proposed for concurrent and automated isotropic unstructured mesh generation. Compared to the original SPH-based mesh generator, this method addresses issues of incomplete kernel support at boundaries and feature size adaptation, achieving high-quality meshes with a faster convergence speed.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Software Engineering
Zhongshi Jiang, Jiacheng Dai, Yixin Hu, Yunfan Zhou, Jeremie Dumas, Qingnan Zhou, Gurkirat Singh Bajwa, Denis Zorin, Daniele Panozzo, Teseo Schneider
Summary: A novel approach is introduced to describe mesh generation, mesh adaptation, and geometric modeling algorithms using a high-level abstraction, making customization and development easier. The study shows that widely used algorithms for editing surfaces and volumes can be compactly expressed and easily implemented with the abstraction, allowing for automatic parallelization on shared-memory architectures.
ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yuyong Zhou, Karen Anbro Gammeltoft, Line Abildgaard Ryberg, Long V. Pham, Helena Damtoft Tjornelund, Alekxander Binderup, Carlos Rene Duarte Hernandez, Carlota Fernandez-Antunez, Anna Offersgaard, Ulrik Fahnfe, Gunther Herbert Johannes Peters, Santseharay Ramirez, Jens Bukh, Judith Margarete Gottwein
Summary: The oral protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir is crucial for preventing severe COVID-19, but the virus can develop resistance to it. This study identified multiple mutations that confer high resistance to nirmatrelvir, some of which decrease viral replication and protease activity, but still maintain high fitness. Other naturally occurring mutations can compensate for the fitness cost and promote viral escape. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that these mutations weaken the binding between nirmatrelvir and the protease. Additionally, the polymerase inhibitor remdesivir and monoclonal antibody bebtelovimab remained effective against nirmatrelvir-resistant variants, and combining them with nirmatrelvir enhanced treatment efficacy.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Tobias Tolle, Dirk Gruending, Dieter Bothe, Tomislav Maric
Summary: We propose a numerical method for calculating volume fractions from triangulated surfaces immersed in unstructured meshes. The method utilizes geometric calculations of signed distances and an approximate solution of the Laplace equation. It ensures high absolute accuracy and is applicable to triangulated surface models with technical geometrical complexity.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Software Engineering
Ahmed H. Mahmoud, Serban D. Porumbescu, John D. Owens
Summary: The paper proposes a new static high-performance mesh data structure RXMesh for triangle surface meshes on the GPU, which achieves high throughput and data locality through patching technique and matrix-based representation. The programming model induces load balance even in highly irregular input meshes and shows high performance in common geometry processing applications.
ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaokun Tian, Chao Yang, Yadong Wu, Zhouqiao He, Yan Hu
Summary: This paper presents a method for visualizing large-scale unsteady flow fields using animation. The proposed method improves data reading efficiency and reduces memory usage by analyzing variable description information and constructing a hash table. The effectiveness of the method is validated through testing on four sets of unstructured unsteady flow field data with different data structures. The method enables real-time user interaction and achieves an average frame rate of less than 100ms for animation visualization on personal computers.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Shashi Kant Ratnakar, Utpal Kiran, Deepak Sharma
Summary: This study introduces a novel GPU-based parallel strategy to reduce computational time for FEA in structural topology optimization. The proposed strategy achieves a speedup of 3.1x to 3.3x for the FEA solver stage and requires almost 1.8x less GPU memory than the standard element-by-element strategy.
ENGINEERING COMPUTATIONS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Hao Li, Tsuguo Kondoh, Pierre Jolivet, Nari Nakayama, Kozo Furuta, Heng Zhang, Benliang Zhu, Kazuhiro Izui, Shinji Nishiwaki
Summary: This note introduces the application of distributed unstructured mesh adaptation in fluid-related topology optimization. It incorporates three different remeshing techniques into the reaction-diffusion equation-based fluid topology optimization method. The note also conducts a comparative study of two different flow modeling strategies and presents numerical examples to validate the computational efficiency of the framework.
STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
R. Zhao, W. Du, F. Shi, Y. Cao
Summary: In this article, a systematic method for generating finite difference schemes on unstructured meshes is proposed based on recovery techniques used in the finite element community. The computed solutions exhibit the same superconvergence or ultraconvergence property as the recovered gradient and Hessian.
APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Zoltan Juhasz, Jan Durian, Aranka Derzsi, Stefan Matejcik, Zoltan Donko, Peter Hartmann
Summary: This paper presents an efficient, massively parallel GPU implementation strategy for accelerating one-dimensional electrostatic plasma simulations, identifying performance-critical points using the Roofline performance model and providing optimized solutions. CUDA and OpenCL implementations show that GPUs can be efficiently used for simulating collisional plasmas, enabling more accurate simulations in shorter time.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Giuseppe Gallo, Adriano Isoldi, Dario Del Gatto, Raffaele Savino, Amedeo Capozzoli, Claudio Curcio, Angelo Liseno
Summary: The study focuses on a particle-in-cell code developed by the authors for highly accurate plasma simulations on common computing platforms with a large number of macro-particles. The code incorporates a smart strategy and explores parallel computing on GPU to reduce computational time. Applications on Hall-effect and helicon double-layer thrusters validate the PIC numerical model and demonstrate its use for analyzing specific electric motor performance efficiently.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Shashi Kant Ratnakar, Subhajit Sanfui, Deepak Sharma
Summary: This article presents GPU-based element-by-element strategies for addressing the computational cost challenge in topology optimization with unstructured meshes. By allocating more GPU compute threads per element and utilizing shared memory for efficient memory transactions, the proposed strategies achieved speedup up to 8.2 times over standard GPU-based strategies.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Nianhua Wang, Laiping Zhang, Xiaogang Deng
Summary: In numerical simulations, mesh quality plays a direct and significant role in determining simulation accuracy. This paper proposes a new smoothing method that combines the advantages of heuristic smoothing methods and optimization-based methods using deep reinforcement learning. The method is trained and validated on 2D triangular meshes and 3D surface meshes, demonstrating its efficiency and mesh quality.
COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Minjun J. Choi, Laszlo Bardoczi, Jae-Min Kwon, T. S. Hahm, Hyeon K. Park, Jayhyun Kim, Minho Woo, Byoung-Ho Park, Gunsu S. Yun, Eisung Yoon, George McKee
Summary: The authors provide comprehensive observations and analysis on the evolution of magnetic islands and plasma turbulence in tokamak plasmas, revealing the intricate effects of turbulence on the evolution of magnetic islands.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
S. -Y. Kim, M. Chung, S. Doebert, E. S. Yoon
Summary: Coherent synchrotron radiation is a collective effect that distorts the phase space of an electron beam, leading to emittance growth when the beam trajectory is bent in a dipole magnet. Suppressing CSR-induced emittance growth is essential for maintaining beam quality during electron beam transport. By controlling Twiss parameters and considering chromatic amplitude, the first-order terms can be dominant along the transfer line, minimizing emittance growth driven by the CSR effect. Failure to properly control CSR can result in significant increases in emittance, particularly during external injection into plasma wakefields.
PHYSICAL REVIEW ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Fan Yang, Anirban Chandra, Yu Zhang, Saurabh Tendulkar, Rocco Nastasia, Assad A. Oberai, Mark S. Shephard, Onkar Sahni
Summary: This paper introduces a parallel interface tracking method for evolving geometry problems, using a conforming hybrid/mixed mesh structure with anisotropic layered elements, and employing a combination of mesh motion and modification to update the mesh while maintaining the structure and resolution of the layered elements; experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in addressing problems with significant geometric motion or deformation.
ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Tzanio Kolev, Paul Fischer, Misun Min, Jack Dongarra, Jed Brown, Veselin Dobrev, Tim Warburton, Stanimire Tomov, Mark S. Shephard, Ahmad Abdelfattah, Valeria Barra, Natalie Beams, Jean-Sylvain Camier, Noel Chalmers, Yohann Dudouit, Ali Karakus, Ian Karlin, Stefan Kerkemeier, Yu-Hsiang Lan, David Medina, Elia Merzari, Aleksandr Obabko, Will Pazner, Thilina Rathnayake, Cameron W. Smith, Lukas Spies, Kasia Swirydowicz, Jeremy Thompson, Ananias Tomboulides, Vladimir Tomov
Summary: Efficient exploitation of exascale architectures requires new numerical algorithms. CEED, a research partnership focused on developing next-generation discretization software, collaborates with various projects and institutions to optimize performance on large-scale GPU architectures and advance algorithms in fields such as unstructured adaptive mesh refinement and high-order data visualization.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Eric Suchyta, Scott Klasky, Norbert Podhorszki, Matthew Wolf, Abolaji Adesoji, C. S. Chang, Jong Choi, Philip E. Davis, Julien Dominski, Stephane Ethier, Ian Foster, Kai Germaschewski, Berk Geveci, Chris Harris, Kevin A. Huck, Qing Liu, Jeremy Logan, Kshitij Mehta, Gabriele Merlo, Shirley Moore, Todd Munson, Manish Parashar, David Pugmire, Mark S. Shephard, Cameron W. Smith, Pradeep Subedi, Lipeng Wan, Ruonan Wang, Shuangxi Zhang
Summary: EFFIS is a framework developed for high-fidelity coupled simulations, enabling users to easily compose and execute workflows with features like strong or weak coupling and in situ analysis. Key technologies utilized include ADIOS, PerfStubs/TAU, and an advanced COUPLER. Demonstrations show minimal overhead for the WDMApp workflow.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
S- Y. Kim, K. Moon, M. Chung, K. N. Sjobak, E. Adli, M. Dayyani, S. Doebert, E. S. Yoon, I. Nam, G. Hahn
Summary: An active plasma lens (APL) uses a magnetic field generated by a discharge current through the plasma to simultaneously focus the beam in both horizontal and vertical planes. Research shows that the plasma wakefield excited by proton bunches remains the same through the APL, while the emittance of the witness electron beam increases rapidly in the plasma density ramp regions. However, under certain conditions, the emittance growth is not significant for small emittances such as 2 mm mrad.
PHYSICAL REVIEW ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Morteza H. Siboni, Mark S. Shephard
Summary: This paper presents a workflow for adaptive high-performance simulations of RF fusion systems, utilizing CAD models and high-order finite elements for analysis, and incorporating patch recovery-based error estimators for mesh adaptation.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Gahyung Jo, Jae-Min Kwon, Janghoon Seo, Eisung Yoon
Summary: A hyperbolic solver is developed for the gyrokinetic equation in tokamak geometry. The effects of basis functions on the numerical solutions and the conservation of physical quantities are investigated. The weighted basis functions show better performance in resolving small scale structures in velocity space.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Dongkyu Kim, Janghoon Seo, Gahyung Jo, Jae-Min Kwon, Eisung Yoon
Summary: A gyroaveraged nonlinear collision operator based on the Fokker-Planck operator in the Rosenbluth-MacDonald-Judd potential form is formulated and implemented for gyrokinetic simulations. The density conservation is ensured by preserving the divergence structure of the original RMJ form while neglecting the finite Larmor radius effect. Various collision models, including linear and Dougherty, are also incorporated to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. The conservation of parallel momentum and energy is enforced numerically using a simple advection-diffusion model.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
D. Kim, J. Kang, M. W. Lee, J. Candy, E. S. Yoon, S. Yi, J. -m. Kwon, Y. -c. Ghim, W. Choe, C. Sung
Summary: Progress in the first gyrokinetic validation study using KSTAR NBI heated L-mode discharge is reported in this paper. The simulated energy flux was under-predicted compared to the experimental energy flux level, and sensitivity to input parameters related to impurity density profile was observed.
CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Geon Kim, Yunsong Jung, Myeongkyu Lee, Eisung Yoon, Sangjoon Ahn
Summary: Recent experimental reports highlight the need for quantitative evaluation of neutron-induced energetic particle emission reactions in neutron absorbers. In response, a Safety Analysis code for NeuTron Absorbers (SANTA) was developed to provide essential parameters for simulating the corrosion of absorbers. The code outputs radiation damage and helium concentration, which are crucial for designing irradiation experiments.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Chonglin Zhang, Gerrett Diamond, Cameron W. Smith, Mark S. Shephard
Summary: This paper presents XGCm, a new unstructured mesh gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code for modeling fusion plasma. XGCm builds on an unstructured mesh-centric infrastructure that is scalable in both the number of mesh elements and particles, and supports generally graded or anisotropic meshes. The methods and algorithms used in the development of XGCm are discussed, which perform all key computing steps on GPU accelerators. Code validation and testing are performed, showing excellent agreement with existing results and demonstrating turbulence growth in different cases. Weak scaling results using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Summit supercomputer are also presented.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Sheng Wang, Shiping Chen, Fei Meng, Yumei Shi
Summary: This study proposes a Multi-Scenarios Adaptive Hierarchical Spatial Graph Convolution Network (MSHGN) model for accurately predicting GPU utilization rates in heterogeneous GPU clusters. By constructing multiple scenarios' undirected graphs and using Graph Convolution Neural (GCN) to capture spatial dependency relationships, the MSHGN model achieves superior accuracy and robustness in predicting resource utilization on a real-world Alibaba dataset.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Nik Amir Syafiq, Mohamed Othman, Norazak Senu, Fudziah Ismail, Nor Asilah Wati Abdul Hamid
Summary: This research investigates the multi-core architecture for solving the fractional Poisson equation using the modified accelerated overrelaxation (MAOR) scheme. The feasibility of the scheme in a parallel environment was tested through experimental comparisons and measurements. The results showed that the scheme is viable in a parallel environment.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Antonio F. Diaz, Beatriz Prieto, Juan Jose Escobar, Thomas Lampert
Summary: This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost energy monitoring system that synchronously collects the energy consumption of multiple devices using a specially designed wattmeter, and utilizes widely used technologies and tools in the Internet of Things for implementation.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Ritam Ganguly, Yingjie Xue, Aaron Jonckheere, Parker Ljung, Benjamin Schornstein, Borzoo Bonakdarpour, Maurice Herlihy
Summary: This paper presents a centralized runtime monitoring technique for distributed systems, which verifies the correctness of distributed computations by exploiting bounded-skew clock synchronization. By introducing a progression-based formula rewriting scheme and utilizing SMT solving techniques, the metric temporal logic can be monitored and the probabilistic guarantee for verification results can be calculated. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in different application scenarios.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Arya Tanmay Gupta, Sandeep S. Kulkarni
Summary: Lattice-linear systems allow nodes to execute asynchronously. The eventually lattice-linear algorithms introduced in this study guarantee system transitions to optimal states within specified moves, leading to improved performance compared to existing literature. Experimental results further support the benefits of lattice-linearity.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Tim Breitenbach, Shrikanth Malavalli Divakar, Lauritz Rasbach, Patrick Jahnke
Summary: With the trend towards multi-socket server systems, the demand for RAM per server has increased, resulting in more DIMM sockets per server. RAM issues have become a dominant failure pattern for servers due to the probability of failure in each DIMM. This study introduces an ML-driven framework to estimate the probability of memory failure for each RAM module. The framework utilizes structural information between correctable (CE) and uncorrectable errors (UE) and engineering measures to mitigate the impact of UE.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Carlos Ansotegui, Eduard Torres
Summary: This paper presents an incomplete algorithm for efficiently constructing Covering Arrays with Constraints of high strength. The algorithm mitigates memory blow-ups and reduces run-time consumption, providing a practical tool for Combinatorial Testing.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Lucas Perotin, Sandhya Kandaswamy, Hongyang Sun, Padma Raghavan
Summary: Resource scheduling is crucial in High-Performance Computing systems, and previous research has mainly focused on a single type of resource. With advancements in hardware and the rise of data-intensive applications, considering multiple resources simultaneously is necessary to improve overall application performance. This study presents a Multi-Resource Scheduling Algorithm (MRSA) that minimizes the makespan of computational workflows by efficiently allocating resources and optimizing scheduling order. Simulation results demonstrate that MRSA outperforms baseline methods in various scenarios.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Yue Li, Han Liu, Jianbo Gao, Jiashuo Zhang, Zhi Guan, Zhong Chen
Summary: The processing of block lifecycles is crucial to the efficiency of a blockchain. The FASTBLOCK framework, which introduces fine-grained concurrency, accelerates the execution and validation steps. It outperforms state-of-the-art solutions significantly in terms of performance.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Roberto Carrasco, Hector Ferrada, Cristobal A. Navarro, Nancy Hitschfeld
Summary: The experimental evaluation of GPU filters for computing the 2D convex hull shows significant performance improvement. The different point distributions have a noticeable impact on the results, with the greatest improvement seen in the case of uniform and normal distributions.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Keqin Li
Summary: In this paper, the authors study task scheduling with or without energy constraint in mobile edge computing. They propose heuristic algorithms to solve these problems and analyze them using the methods of communication unification, effective speed concept, and virtual task construction. The experimental results show that the performance of the heuristic algorithms is close to the optimal algorithm. This is the first paper in the literature to optimize the makespan of task scheduling with or without energy constraint in mobile edge computing with multiple cloud-assisted edge servers.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Hongliang Li, Hairui Zhao, Ting Sun, Xiang Li, Haixiao Xu, Keqin Li
Summary: This paper studies the problem of job placement in shared GPU clusters and proposes an opportunistic memory sharing model and algorithms to solve the problem. Extensive experiments on a GPU cluster validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Lucas Ruchel, Edson Tavares de Camargo, Luiz Antonio Rodrigues, Rogerio C. Turchetti, Luciana Arantes, Elias Procopio Duarte Jr.
Summary: LHABcast is a leaderless hierarchical atomic broadcast algorithm that improves scalability by being fully decentralized and hierarchical. It uses local sequence numbers and timestamps to order messages and achieves significantly lower message count compared to an all-to-all strategy, both in fault-free and faulty scenarios.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Xiangyu Wu, Xuehui Du, Qiantao Yang, Na Wang, Wenjuan Wang
Summary: This paper proposes a new method to address the immutability issue of consortium blockchains by introducing a verifiable distributed chameleon hash (VDCH) function and a consensus protocol called CVTSS based on verifiable threshold signatures. The proposed method enhances the flexibility, fault tolerance, and redaction efficiency of consortium blockchains.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Ipsita Behera, Srichandan Sobhanayak
Summary: Task scheduling in cloud computing is a challenging problem, and researchers propose a hybrid algorithm that aims to minimize makespan, energy consumption, and cost. Evaluation using the Cloudsim toolkit demonstrates the algorithm's effectiveness and efficiency.
JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
(2024)