4.7 Article

Assessment of industrial wastewater for potentially toxic elements, human health (dermal) risks, and pollution sources: A case study of Gadoon Amazai industrial estate, Swabi, Pakistan

Journal

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 419, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126450

Keywords

Industrial wastewater; Potentially toxic elements; Risk assessment; Source apportionment; Cluster analysis

Funding

  1. Higher Education Commission Pakistan [1-8/HEC/HRD/2018/8939, IRSIP 41 BMS83]

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The study revealed that the physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PTEs in industrial wastewater exceeded the permissible limits, with higher carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks compared to groundwater irrigation group. Industry was identified as the main pollution source.
In this study, industrial wastewater and groundwater were comparatively investigated for their physicochemical properties, concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), human health risks and pollution source(s). Every month, 34 wastewater samples and 26 groundwater samples were collected, for a duration of one year. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PTEs in the industrial wastewater exceeded the maximum permissible limits of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Specifically, it was found that total dissolved solids (5%), total suspended solids (190%), chemical oxygen demand (107%), fivedays biochemical oxygen demand (5.7 times), grease/oil (27.1 times), Fe (67%), Zn (29%), Mn (32%), Cu (27%), Ni (16%), Cr (8%), Pb (106%), and Cd (80%) were higher than the permissible limits. The carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic dermal health risks for wastewater irrigation group were significantly higher than the groundwater irrigation group. The hazard index of irrigation with industrial wastewater was 180 times higher than the groundwater. The principal component analysis indicated that industry was the main polluting source. The cluster analysis results of all PTEs (except Fe) were found in the same clade in the dendrogram, which showed a strong similarity within the monthly data set of the whole year. The study recommends using adjacent groundwater instead of industrial wastewater for irrigation purposes.

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