Effect of micro- and nanoparticle shape on biological processes

In the drug delivery field, there is beyond doubt that the shape of micro- and nanoparticles (M&NPs) critically affects their biological fate. Herein, following an introduction describing recent technological advances for designing nonspherical M&NPs, we highlight the role of particle shape in cell capture, subcellular distribution, intracellular drug delivery, and cytotoxicity. Then, we discuss theoretical approaches for understanding the effect of particle shape on internalization by the cell membrane. Subsequently, recent advances on shapedependent behaviors of M&NPs in the systemic circulation are detailed. In particular, the interaction of M&NPs with blood proteins, biodistribution, and circulation under flow conditions are analyzed. Finally, the hurdles and future directions for developing nonspherical M&NPs are underscored.

Automated summary

This article discusses the impact of the shape of micro- and nanoparticles (M&NPs) on their biological fate. The role of particle shape in cell capture, drug delivery, and cytotoxicity is highlighted, along with theoretical approaches to understanding the effect on cell membrane internalization. Recent advances in the behavior of M&NPs in the systemic circulation are also detailed, including interactions with blood proteins and biodistribution. The challenges and future directions for developing nonspherical M&NPs are underscored.