Journal
IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING
Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 2472-2484Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2015.2464312
Keywords
Greedy routing; embedding techniques; WSNs; high genus; complex-connected 3-D settings
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61271226, 61272410, 61202460, 61471408]
- National High-Tech R&D Program (863 Program) of China [2014AA01A701, 2015AA011303]
- National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province [2014CFA040]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2014M560608]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2015QN073]
- Science and Technology Plan Projects of Wuhan City [2015010101010022]
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In this paper, we propose a highly efficient scheme, SLICE (a scalable and low stretch routing scheme), enabling greedy routing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in complex-connected 3-D settings, whose topologies are often theoretically modeled as high genus 3-D WSNs. Compared to previous 3-D greedy embedding techniques, SLICE improves both the robustness and applicability. 1) It achieves a smaller distance distortion and a lower routing stretch with guaranteed delivery. While it follows the basic idea to embed the surface network to a planar topology to enable greedy routing, the embedding method proposed in SLICE is novel. We first slice the surface network to a genus-0 open surface with exactly one boundary. Then, to achieve a lower distance distortion, we purposely propose a variation of the Ricci flow algorithm, by which this open surface is flattened not to a planar annulus, but to a planar convex polygon, resulting in a lower routing stretch. 2) This is the first work, to the best of our knowledge, that enables greedy routing in high genus 3-D WSNs with general topologies. SLICE not only works for high genus 3-D surface WSNs, but also can be easily adapted to more general cases: high genus 3-D surface networks with holes, and high genus 3-D volume networks. For a high genus 3-D surface network with holes, SLICE embeds it to a planar convex polygon with circular holes, where our proposed greedy routing variation can be applied. For a high genus 3-D volume network, SLICE embeds the inner nodes to a height structure attached to the convex polygon, and a variation of greedy routing scheme with guaranteed delivery is proposed in this structure. The effectiveness of SLICE is validated by extensive simulations.
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